Descriptive Essay Elle - 763 Words

â€Å"Elle! Elle!† I yell as I sprint down the sidewalk of our neighborhood. My long dark brown hair flowing behind me. â€Å"They are adding a track team to our school and the tryouts are next Monday!†I tell her once I finally catch up. I have wanted to be on a track team for as long as I can remember. â€Å"Annie, that’s awesome!† she exclaims. â€Å"The thing is, I don’t think I can make the team,† I mutter, â€Å"I love to run, but I’ve only ever done it for fun.† â€Å"That’s why you have me. Even though I am a dancer, I can still help you train!† Elle exclaims. â€Å"I don’t know about this,† I replied nervously. â€Å"Don’t worry,† Elle says as she looks into my dark green eyes. The very next day we meet on the track to begin training. The track is empty and quiet not†¦show more content†¦All of us were going to run a mile and a 50 yard dash. They called us up seven at a time, and after about an hour of waiting they call my number. I nervously walk up to the start and stand on number 5. Shaking head to toe I get into the starting position. I feel like a racehorse about to come out of the starting gate. I look to my left and up in the bleachers I see Elle give me a smile and a big thumbs up. Then I hear the coach blow their whistle and we are off. I start to run my legs take over my body and all my nervousness comes rushing out of me. Minutes turn to seconds as I finish my first lap. Then second, third! Passing girls one by one. Finally, the finish line. â€Å"Woah! We got a trailblazer on our hands!† the girls holding the red timer exclaims. I return to where the rest of the girls are and see Elle running towards me. I’m breathing heavy, but I feel good. â€Å"That was amazing!† she yells her hazel eyes growing wide. â€Å"Thanks! I can’t believe I worked myself up for a week over that.† We both laugh. Then they called my number for the 50 yard dash. I walk over to the track as a different person, no longer nervous or afraid of messing up. I run to the group of girls already standing there with confidence and ease. The coach blows a familiar whistle and we are off. I’m passing girls one by one and I come second. â€Å"Your a whole new runner,† Elle tells me as I walk back towards her. I smiled back at her.Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Advertisement For Rimmel London For The New Provocalips Campaign Essay1610 Words   |  7 Pagespublished in the March 2015 edition of Elle magazine. This essay will be analyzing the connotation and denotations found in the advert, the iconic and indexical signs as well as the implied narrative and the effectiveness in conveying the intended message of the advert. The advert can be seen in many other media forums, as well as on the Rimmel London website. It is common to find a beauty campaign such as this one in well-known fashion magazines like the Elle magazine because it generally promotesRead MoreShort Story A Conversation with My Father2869 Words   |  12 Pagesclass will be conducted. 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Neorealism vs. Neoliberalism Free Essays

Mayixuan Li Ms. Reilly International Relations: Conflict and Cooperation in Global Politics October 22 2012 Neorealism, a concept of international relations that emerged in 1979 by Kenneth Waltz, is a theory which forces on demonstrating how the world works instead what the world ought to be. Neorealism thinkers claim that international structure is established by its ordering principle, which is anarchy, and by the distribution of power, measured by a number of great powers, which have the largest impact on what happens in world politics. We will write a custom essay sample on Neorealism vs. Neoliberalism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since there is no central agency that plays a role as â€Å"night watchman† (Mearsheimer, 2001, p. 5) to guarantee the security of states, the anarchic international system pushes great powers to maximize their relative powers in order to attain the minimum goal of their own survival. The trepidation of security is primary factor influencing great powers’ behavior, and in turn makes great powers quickly recognize that the best way to survive without protection is to perpetually expand actual military capability until reach the ultimate aim – hegemony. Great powers can never be certain about other states’ intentions, which makes them fear each other, and view each other as potential enemies who always have the capability and motive to attack them. To guarantee their own survival, great powers adopt the logic of self – help acting according to their self – interest, and always look for opportunities to alter the balance of power by acquiring additional power for themselves and by thwarting their rivals to increase powers. The self – help system gives rise of security dilemma that reflects basic logic of offensive realism. No matter a states becomes strong or weak, both strength and weakness in national security can be provocative to other great powers. Mearsheimer states: â€Å" The essence of the dilemma is that the measures a state takes to increase its own security usually decrease the security of other states. † (Mearsheimer, 2001, p. 13) Neorealism offers a considerably broader definition of power, and view power as two types: actual power and latent power. Waltz states that power includes the following components: â€Å" size of population and territory, resource endowment, economic capability, military strength, political stability and ompetence. † (Waltz, 1979, p. 131) Actual power mainly points out military capability, such as army, air and naval forces, which directly gives great powers the wherewithal to hurt and possibly destroy each other. Latent power comprises size of population and territory, national wealth, and political stability. Rational great powers do not contend w ith current distribution of power, and always care about relative power rather than absolute power. They not only look for opportunities to take advantages of one another, but also work to ensure that other states do not take advantage of them. Before great powers take offensive actions, they consider carefully about the balance of power, about the costs and risks, and about both how much power they could increase and how much power their rivals could obtain. Nevertheless, great powers can never be sure how much power is enough to secure their survival in the ruthless international system. They not only strive to be the strongest, but also to be the only power – hegemony in the world. Mearsheimer defines:â€Å" A hegemon is a state that is so powerful that it dominates all the other states in the system. † (Mearsheimer, 2001, p. 0) In international relation history, no state has ever achieved global hegemony because of the stopping power of water. The best condition great power could obtain is to become regional hegemony, which dominates distinct geographical areas. Once a great power becomes regional hegemony, it does not want any peers to contend with it. Moreover, neorealism considers three possible systems – unipolar system, bipolar system, and multipolar system. Among all three systems, multipolar system is the most dangerous system, and is more war – prone than is bipolar system. Neorealism occasionally advocates fostering human rights. Great powers might pursue non-security goals as long as the requisite behavior does not violate the paramount goal – pursuit of relative power. Indeed, these non – security goals sometimes complements relative powers, such as economic capability or national wealth is the foundation and resource of military power. Furthermore, great powers seek to prevent war and keep peace, however, they are not driven by a will to build an independent world, but largely by narrow calculations about relative power. Cooperation among nations is difficult to achieve and always difficult to sustain since great powers always consider relative gains by themselves comparing to relative gains by another great power. Neorealism certainly asserts no amount of cooperation can eliminate the dominating logic of security competition. Neorealism locates causation in the anarchic international system, which forces great powers to act aggressively toward each other in the survive competition. Great powers compete to maximize their relative power not because they have a will to fight with each other but because this is the only optimal way to ensure their survival in the dangerous world. Neorealism concludes that the view of long lasting peace is not likely to be achieved by great power become global hegemony, so the world is condemned to perpetual great power competition. There are three great debates referring to a series of disagreements between international relations scholars. The second great debate was a dispute between neorealism and neoliberalism. Neoliberalism, a response to neorealism, views international system more optimistically, and argues the fact that the world has become more interdependent in economics and in communications as well as in human aspirations. Neoliberals agree with neorealism that the anarchic nature of international system is an inevitable circumstance that states have to confront. Nevertheless, there is a general tendency of interdependence among actors across national boundaries to cooperate with each other in modern international system, which gives rise of the idea of complex interdependence. While neorealism views that cooperation between states can rarely happen, neoliberalism holds a greater belief in cooperation according to the prisoner’s dilemma. A tale of two prisoners who are questioned after committing an alleged crime. Neither prisoner knows that is being said by the other, but if they both cooperate and confess to the crime, their time in prison will be shortened, where if neither confesses the sentence length will be even shorter. However, if one confesses and the other does not, then the one who confessed will be set free and the one who did not will receive a lengthy jail term (Mingst 2004, p. 63). Neoliberalists use this to explain why states could wish to cooperate with each other, and even in an anarchic system of autonomous rational states, cooperation can still emerge through the building of norms, regimes and institutions. The importance of such cooperation is that actors have to play the game in an indefinite number of interactions, which abundantly conforms to the real international system. Moreover, neoliberalism recognizes not only sovereign states as important and rational actors, but also other actors are both principal and logical. Neoliberals always focus on absolute gains instead relative gains in such cooperation relationship. Multiple channels, summarized as interstate, trans – governmental, and transnational relation, provides more freedom to connect societies by both informal ties between nongovernmental elites and formal ties between governmental foreign offices. Through these channels political change occurs, in turns, states become more interdependent. Since there are various cooperative issues in different areas among states, trans – governmental politics will make goals of states difficult to define. Neoliberalism also acknowledges more contributions made by international organizations, which helped to activate potential coalitions and strive to obtain opinion by every state. Furthermore, all non – security issues can no longer be subordinated to military security, which gives opportunities to a multitude of different agendas coming to the forefront. The line between domestic and foreign policy becomes blurred, and there is no hierarchy among issues. Military capability does not dominate the agenda anymore, and gradually becomes a less effective instrument to achieve other objectives such as economic and social goals. Nevertheless, the existence of mutual dependence does postulate another type of power. Sensitivity and vulnerability are two essential dimensions of states. When a costly imposed situation from outside happens, the amount of sensitivity shows how quickly this imposed situation could affect one country from various aspects, and the vulnerability can be defined as an actor’s liability to suffer costs imposed by external events even after politics have been altered. Vulnerability is particularly important of interdependence structure. Even in the world of interdependence, there is no evenly balanced mutual dependence. Neoliberalism asserts two types of dependence, asymmetries in dependence, and symmetries in dependence, the latter hardly emerge. States can be less dependent or more dependent because of their level of sensibility and vulnerability. Less dependent actors can often use the interdependent relationship as a source of power in bargaining over an issue and perhaps to affect other issue. Power not only can be thought of as military capability, but also can be viewed as the ability of an actor to get others to do something they otherwise would not do. Neoliberalism claims that states act according to their self – interest to cooperate with each other, and to make the world more interdependence through different gendas. The use of military force is not exercised when complex interdependence prevails, so therefore the world could become more peaceful and prosperous. Bibliography Mearsheimer, John. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. United States: 2011. Waltz, K. Theory of International Politics. United States: McGraw-Hill: 1979. Mingst, K. A. Essentials of International Relations. New York: W. W. Norton: 2004. Axelrod, Robert. The Evolution of Cooperation. United States. Keohane, Robert O. Power and Interdependence. United States: 2000. How to cite Neorealism vs. Neoliberalism, Essay examples

Corporate Government and Ethics Behavior

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Government and Ethics Behavior. Answer: Introduction: Fair trade has emerged as a movement for supporting ethical behavior in consumer decision making. The gradual expansion of the fair trade markets has created substantial pitfalls for the business community in terms of realizing the ethical practices. The proliferation of demand for fair trade concept could be validated by the different factors such as the preference of companies to commit to a specific cause for a substantial period of time and acquiring a better image through attempts for contribution to the society. The larger part of fair trade agreements were therefore dependent on cause-based marketing which indicated references to the social responsibilities of organizations (Hoffman, Frederick Schwartz, 2014). The use of fair-trade movement has been established as a commercial brand and is associated with the image which reflects that fair-trade consumers are liable to provide underlying contributions such as financial aid to poor farmers in the developing nations and providi ng a fair price to the producers. Basically, Fairtrade provides certification for products acquired from foreign sources such as coffee, bananas, gold and cotton and especially those which are associated with a particular cause (Matten, 2015). This example can be perceived in the case of African cotton which is helpful for obtaining financial assistance for the underpaid native cotton farmers. The contributions of fair-trade are noticed in the rescue of the farmers from the clutches of poverty. However debates pertaining to ethical consumerism have indicated that if the objective of Fairtrade is to provide assistance to the producer community then the premium for the producers must be increased by paying a fair price to the producers. Therefore, the ethical issues associated with fair-trade are found out to be largely associated with the concerns of consumers towards environmental and social causes and the increasing demand of modern concepts such as collaborative consumption (Nica, 2013). The profound ethical issues associated with fair-trade could be categorized into two sections which are unfair trading and the impact of diverting financial as well as physical resources from less developed nations to relatively affluent nations. The consideration of the ethical issues has also been referred in multiple contexts in various research works. For example, the ethical consideration pertaining to the additional money paid by customers for fair-trade products is indicative of the suggestion that whether the provision of additional price being acquired by fair-trade is viable. Furthermore, the probabilities of the additional money being used by fair-trade for the benefit of producers also comes under question as it attempts to realize another profound aspect of ethical behavior in the practices of fair-trade. The unfair trading component also needs to be reviewed in context of the dilemma pertaining to ethical concerns of business organizations and the use of fair-t rade practices (Weber Wasieleski, 2013). The ethical issues pertaining to the implementation of fair-trade on a global platform have been discussed in the following sections of the report along with clear indications to the recommendations which have been derived for catering the various requirements of the society as well as the industry standards. Activities of fair trade: The concept of Fairtrade has been favored by varying echelons of the society and it has the support of people from all facets of society ranging from the grassroots till bureaucratic levels. The validation of the brand of fair-trade on a global level has been considered from distinct facets of business environment which indicate contributions in the form of financial resources, time and provision of flexible opportunities for trading. Many private firms, individuals and government agencies are gradually becoming interested in the concept of fair-trade and hence the demand for the concept can be appropriately understood (Clarke Bassell, 2013). The owners of the Fairtrade Foundation permit companies in affluent nations to utilize the brand name of the organization alongside their own brands in return for a certain amount of fee. Generally, the organization gathers maximum share of its revenue from this type of fee and the other aids are obtained from government donations and grants. F air-trade is supposed to divert the additional license income acquired from brands to the producers in developing nations. However, the license income is largely utilized for promotion of the brand which could create substantial issues related to the ethical concerns of Fairtrade (Idowu, Capaldi Zu, 2013). Derivation of higher margins and substantiating the image of retailers as supportive of global concerns could be assumed as profound elements included in the emphasis of the practices in fair-trade on organization and industry oriented benefits rather than realizing any promising outcomes for farmers and suppliers (Gao Hafsi, 2015). The various routes through which money has to pass through in order to reach the final objective of benefiting farmers has been observed in fair-trade as the added costs of cooperatives, expenses on social projects and premiums for fair-trade producers and farmers. Therefore the necessity of apprehending ethical criteria for the activities of fair-tra de has been established in context of organizations adopting association with fair-trade certification and the prospects for fair-trade to excel in future market environments (Knudsen, Moon Slager, 2015). Ethical criteria have to be fulfilled in case of fair-trade because the key objective of the fair-trade concept is centered on the objective of providing a substantial advantage to producers in developing nations and increasing the market value propositions for products of native origin. Ethical criteria for Fair trade: It would be appropriate to consider that Fair trade is a concept which is meant for the ethical well being of customers, industry, groups, individuals and organizations on a larger basis. The foundation for the fair-trade mode of certification of products and the increasing perception of business organizations towards the fair trade practice has created questions which pertain to the development of better returns for producers and thereby widening the scope for prospects of sustainability in complex changing environments. The study of distribution of the wealth among the producer communities belonging to the third world as per the fair trade practices would indicate a brief overview of the ethical criteria which are mandatory for the organizations adopting fair-trade practices (Swanson Frederick, 2016). Fair-trade certification is a compulsory requirement for suppliers of fair-trade certified products and they are generally members of cooperative agencies or plantation firms in many cases. The different entities of the local producers have to comply with certain political requisites such as the involvement of farmers, assembly and processing opportunities facilitated by primary cooperatives and the secondary agencies which have the authorization to export on behalf of the producers. The exporting cooperatives are liable to obtain an additional amount of money which is termed as social premium and these cooperatives provide the incentive to farmers. While some cooperatives tend to provide favorable incentives to farmers, some others could rely on malicious activities and thereby limit the financial returns for farmers (Soltani Maupetit, 2015). Therefore, the evaluation of ethical criteria with respect to the fair-trade practices has to be presented in context of the interplay between consumer, cooperatives, importers, retailers, cafes and packers. The fair-trade foundation has expanded its support and therefore the ethical issues have to be addressed first wit h reference to increase in probabilities of destitution and death in event of diversion of resources and finances from poorer nations to more developed nations. The ethical concerns associated with fair-trade are derived from a utilitarian approach which applies resources which are capable of rendering maximum marginal utility. In case of the benefits of fair-trade to farmers, the ethical implication points out to the point of reference which determines the influence of loss of a particular amount of money to different individuals (Ntim Soobaroyen, 2013). For example, the loss of five dollars would be inconsequential in a supermarket store while the same amount could be a relief for an individual looking to save his family from starvation. Secondly, the scope for unfair trading can also be considered as a prominent indication in the domain of corporate ethics. Unfair trading is realized when the producers or the marketers do not provide genuine information to customers and hence is sues related to wrong customer decisions could lead to maligning of the image of the organization. Therefore unfair trading is accountable for changes in perception of customers about a product as well as organization. In case of fair-trade products, the organizations should not suppress evidence related to financial aid provided to the farmers and the ambiguities pertaining to the expenditure of the additional cost paid by customers (Doh, Husted Yang, 2013). Customers are more likely to lose trust in the fair-trade movement if they discover that the additional amount paid by them is not being used for the intended purposes and if they find any hints that they are not being informed of the evidence related to use of the additional income gathered from fair-trade initiatives (Subramaniam, Kansal Babu, 2015). Violation of ethics: The first concern is addressed by evaluating the amount which is provided to the exporting cooperative. Fair-trade does not have any profound legislation for determining the prices charged by exporters and cooperatives. Fair-trade does not have any monitoring or control framework for determining the extra cost charged for fair-trade products. It has been observed that retailers do not offer any reasonable opportunity to compare costs of fair-trade products and hence this can be accounted as an unethical behavior on behalf of retailers (Long, 2016). Therefore the extra price paid by customers is generally deviated towards the higher profits for organizations which are obtaining profits already and hence the scope of death and destitution aspect of ethical violation can be considered in case of fair-trade products. Fair-trade has established certain indications for importers to pay premium price, establish contracts on a long-term basis, provision of credit for prefinance and payment o f minimum price established by Fairtrade. Methods to address ethical issues: Majority of pitfalls in the ethical context of fair-trade certification have been associated with the inability of fair-trade foundation to ensure standard monitoring and control frameworks which can ensure that the additional price of fair-trade products is delivered to the farmers and suppliers for whom the amount is intended. The dependency of fair-trade product sales on the value based marketing of the products is indicative of the requirement of drastic measures to address the ethical issues (Hasnas, 2013). First of all, fair-trade has to reform the strategic implementation of costs in the company as the additional price obtained from customers is invested in administration costs, costs of collection and higher profits in affluent nations. The emphasis of the foundation must be shifted towards one-time investments in profound standards for classification of criteria for pricing fair-trade products which could provide a viable approach to distribution of profits to farmers. Since the profits are not being appropriately administered to the farmers, unconventional methods such as guidelines for publishing account details in public could be a reasonable approach for identifying the observation of ethical standards by fair-trade certified brands (Chen et al, 2016). The initiatives for identifying the ethical pitfalls in terms of customer perception regarding the cause related increase in prices have to be executed in unison with development of remedial measures to resolve ethical issues observed in case of fair-trade. The report emphasized on two prominent indicators of ethical violations in case of fair-trade. The movement is centered on the proliferation of ethical activities among organizations and hence the influence of ethical compliance in the domain of fair-trade certified products is imperatively observed. Considerable research in the domain of fair-trade has facilitated diverse implications towards the intensity of impact of ethical violation and hence future measures for tackling any ethical pitfalls should be inferred from existing sources of literature. Fairtrade has emerged as a promising contributor to the domain of business development as it has integrated the concept of ethics in business. The use of fair-trade has enabled a wider perception of the ethical implications associated with customers, farmers, suppliers, producers and other contributors in the supply chain. Customers have started to appreciate products which can provide a support for the global environmental concerns and could account for a viable contribution to the society (Carroll Buchholtz, 2014). The use of fair-trade for certification and change in pricing of products could be considered as a turnaround in case of business. However the prospects of money laundering can be noticed in case of the fair-trade model as it could not be able to monitor the distribution of wealth. The following report classifies various setbacks observed in case of fair-trade practices followed by consenting organizations and the ethical consequences of the activities. Longevity of the fair-trade model: Majority of the criticism which has been drawn against fair-trade have been based on the sustainability of fair trade practices and the authenticity of the objectives of fair-trade certification. While the initial objective of fair-trade was to provide an ethical environment for business by acquisition of products from developing countries generally plagued by some kind of issues and thus the ethical purpose can be realized by a form of business transaction with the producers in the developing countries and thus providing them with a formidable platform for expanding their economic prospects (Cooper Morgan, 2013). The consideration of individual factors which influence the sustainability of ethical practices in the fair-trade practices could enable a clear apprehension of the broad ethical issues also and thus derive a reasonable opinion on measures to address the issues. The derivation of ethical issues bothering fair-trade products has to be validated through references to the gen eric perception of values and ethics in the industrial context. Various organizations have adopted the model of fair-trade since it offers a reasonable platform for realizing a brand image as an organization which provides profound contributions to the producer communities and is also supportive of initiatives to benefit environmental causes. These claims or strategic modifications are introduced as a measure to acquire customer attention or to realize the wider aspects of sustainable practices. However, the effectiveness of these measures has to be evaluated from a critical perspective since their implementation has to deliver outcomes according to the standards of fair-trade and the desired strategic objectives (Schmitz Schrader, 2015). This would help in deriving a functional reference to the causes which could degrade the perception of fair-trade products and the overall brand image of the foundation. The model of the organization is based on a model for certification which ind icates that products certified by the model would be liable for compliance from the suppliers, exporters and producers as well. Customers can gain a prolific impression of the different products since they could associate the value of providing additional prices to fulfill the requirements of destitute individuals in developing countries (Habakus Holland, 2013). Therefore a comprehensive evaluation of criticisms in the domain of fair-trade movement has to be presented in order to understand the larger ethical issues which can be inferred from the criticisms. Negligence for value and cause: The basis driver behind the fair-trade movement is the emphasis on value based marketing or cause based marketing. The initiative can be perceived by enthusiasts as a profound contributor to the domain of economic stability of developing and underdeveloped nations which are capable of producing natural resources such as bananas, coffee, gold etc. The fair-trade model assumes certification of suppliers, producers and products which could be nominally priced at a higher margin in lieu of additional benefits for underprivileged farmers and supply chain constituents. This belief is the reason for which majority of sales are derived in case of fair-trade products and hence the criticism for fair-trade can be presented in the form of minimal requirement of standards and controls to determine the distribution of benefits to needy individuals i.e. suppliers, farmers and other contributors (Kelly White, 2015). Organizations which are opting for fair-trade certification are leveraging the bra nd image of fair-trade to garner additional marketing advantage for their products. Other profound indications which can be noticed in case of fair-trade criticism include the suppression of relevant information and depiction of lies as the acceptable truth. These activities can be considered as mutually interdependent as one is indicative of the other i.e. suppression of facts amounts to a lie and lies related to product and pricing information result in negligence for relevant facts such as portion of additional price delivered to farmers. While fair-trade could realize such setbacks in case of many instances, the foremost violation is observed in the use of license income and government aids for administrative costs and other purposes (Sahut et al, 2014). Therefore, organizations which adopt fair-trade practices must apprehend the factors that the provision of leakage of confidential information pertaining to the distribution of additional profits in the higher profit margins in organizations of developing countries could lead to deterioration brand image for organization. The profound implications for criticism of fair-trade movement in this context can be described as the inability of fair-trade to inculcate apt standards and regulations for enhancing the flexibility of allocating the additional financial resources to appropriate entities for which they are intended. Limitation on customer information: Ethical violations draw a major share of criticism in context of fair-trade and their classification could be validated by the individual perception reference followed in countries. The critical reflection could enable a profound influence on the realization of possible strategies to limit the ethical issues which are responsible for degrading the image of fair-trade foundation. The objectives of fair-trade foundation are further inflicted with the integration of unfair trading which is observed in the various disparities depicted in context of the regulatory frameworks. Differences in the approach for realizing fair-trade practices could be realized in the lack of a standard monitoring system for including a fair price for customers as well as producers. Hence the criticism in this case can be directed towards the role of fair-trade foundation in creating pricing standards which is not existent presently. Even if fair-trade foundation accounts for benefits to the financial, environm ental and social aspects of a business environment, the application of the practices accounts for limited benefits such as limitations on the profits acquired by farmers. Other prominent references account the lack of a specific route for directing the additional prices towards the benefit of supply chain attributes rather than on the internal costs of the foundation (Kelly White, 2015). The sustainability of the fair-trade phenomenon has been favored by enthusiasts on the basis of contribution to the social benefits. However, the long term feasibility of the practices is based on the apprehension of the factors in real time environments and the social as well as environmental changes which are derived with respect to ethical issues. Ethical setbacks account for major share of criticism and it can be observed that the gradual rise in support for fair-trade practices has to be reformed with integration of reliable facets such as consistent monitoring of accounts, transparency of doc uments and distribution of income to concerned stakeholders. The fair-trade model has created prominent implications which are related to the validation of brands on a global level on the basis of their association with a specific cause beneficial for the society. Hence the criticism for fair-trade can be aptly directed towards the quantification of benefits generated from the fair trade certified products. Fair-trade certified products are also accountable for quality and long term negligence for producers could result in degradation of product quality and hence the commercial brand could face risks of failure. Pricing of the fair-trade products also deserve a linear discussion with the product quality as unique elements of marketing mix and thus complying with the inherent requirements of business (Schmitz Schrader, 2015). The gradual increment in support for fair-trade practices could be evaluated on a critical frame of reference in order to validate the reasons for which enthus iasm for fair-trade practices has been increasing. While the contribution of fair trade practices to social and financial benefits have been argued upon by enthusiasts, the criticism states ambiguity in terms of contributions. The previous section of the report has presented insights to the existence of flawed infrastructure in fair-trade to distribute the additional returns among the various stakeholders and supply chain members. The gradually mounting pressure on the global supply chains has also emerged as a potential criticism of the fair-trade movement. Global supply chains have been neglected which failed to conform to the guidelines of fair-trade. The supply chain members who were not associated with the fair-trade fiasco were liable to be exposed to the detrimental effects in terms of limited preference from fair-trade associated customers. Furthermore, it accounted for unrequited maligning of the reputation of non-fair-trade products which were predicted as detrimental elem ents for the environment and were negatively depicted as irresponsible towards social contributions. This could lead to an unwarranted decrease in the popularity of organizations which do not assume sales of fair-trade products. Therefore, it does not necessarily indicate that organizations and retailers which sell non fair-trade products are not capable of providing value to customers as well as the environment and society. Use of third party charity agencies: Ethical standards in case of fair-trade products have to be maintained with respect to the use of fair trading methods. The majority of additional income in case of fair trade organizations is being utilized for interest benefits rather than community benefits. Hence, the requirement of criticism is validated as suppliers and producers face major losses owing to the lack of efficiency in delivery of premium to the farmers as per the claims made for increasing the prices. The justification of validating the fair-trade certification and the provision of value based benefits for customers can be considered only from an intangible perspective. On the contrary, the fair-trade practices could be replaced with the initiatives of third party charity agencies and non-governmental organizations which could provide the additional amount to farmers in appropriate measures. Contracting the job of allocating the financial resources among the farmers or the producer community to a NGO or a charitab le institution has to be dependent on the performance of the agency and the scope for transparency (Cooper Morgan, 2013). However, the distribution of additional profits would not be sufficient to realize the maximum potential of the value based marketing which can facilitate returns favored by the organization. Customers should not be subjected to unfair trading practices and the criticism associated with fair-trade activities refers to the use of measures such as non-disclosure of information and the requirement of unrecognizable strategies to identify the provisions of remunerations added for each stage of the supply chain of fair-trade products. On one hand, the implications of fair-trade indicate communication of all details related to the product and the way in which the organization utilizes the additional price of fair-trade products to benefit the producer community. Such types of initiatives are generally responsible for creation of ambiguities in mind of customers as the y would not be able to identify the exact application of their additional investment in the intended purpose. Possible recommendations for improvising such scenarios could be presented in accordance with the changes in communication of the profit statements. Fair-trade organizations should utilize flexible reporting formats for conveying the information related to the use of license income and additional money gathered from government aids and other external agencies through fair-trade regulations (Cooper Morgan, 2013). Appropriate communication of data related to the ways in which organizations use the money acquired in the name of fair trade for the benefits of producer community and other underprivileged individuals in the supply chain. Conclusion: The report conclusively identifies criticisms of the fair-trade phenomenon and has reflected on the pitfalls encountered by the activities especially in context of financial and social influence. It has been observed that the sustainability of fair-trade as an accepted form of business methodology is inflicted by the various instances of criticisms which are drawn especially with respect to the scope of unfair trading practices and the use of illicit measures for limiting the benefits to the farmers. References Abuznaid, S.A., 2016. Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility: The Case of Palestine.Ethical and Social Perspectives on Global Business Interaction in Emerging Markets, p.74. Bondy, K., Moon, J. and Matten, D., 2012. An institution of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in multi-national corporations (MNCs): Form and implications.Journal of Business Ethics,111(2), pp.281-299. Bowen, S.A., Hung-Baesecke, C.J.F. and Chen, Y.R.R., 2016. Ethics as a precursor to organizationpublic relationships: Building trust before and during the OPR model.Cogent Social Sciences,2(1), p.1141467. Carroll, A.B. and Buchholtz, A.K., 2014.Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management. Nelson Education. Chen, C., Gotti, G., Kang, T. and Wolfe, M.C., 2016. Corporate Codes of Ethics, National Culture, and Earnings Discretion: International Evidence.Journal of Business Ethics, pp.1-23. Clarke, C. and Bassell, M., 2013. The Financial Debacle Necessitates a Systematic Approach to Achieving Ethical Behavior in the Corporate Workplace.Journal of Business Systems, Governance and Ethics,8(1), p.22. Clark, K., 2012. Do We Have Enough Ethics in Government Yet?: An Answer from Fiduciary Theory.University of Illinois Law Review,1996(57). Cooper, D.J. and Morgan, W., 2013. Meeting the evolving corporate reporting needs of government and society: arguments for a deliberative approach to accounting rule making.Accounting and Business Research,43(4), pp.418-441. Doh, J., Husted, B. and Yang, X., 2013. Ethics, Corporate Social Responsibility, and Developing Country Multinationals.Business Ethics Quarterly,23(04), pp.638-639. Frederickson, H.G. and Rohr, J.A., 2015.Ethics and public administration. Routledge. Gao, Y. and Hafsi, T., 2015. Government Intervention, Peers Giving and Corporate Philanthropy: Evidence from Chinese Private SMEs.Journal of Business Ethics,132(2), pp.433-447. Garca-Snchez, I.M., Rodrguez-Domnguez, L. and Fras-Aceituno, J.V., 2015. Board of directors and ethics codes in different corporate governance systems.Journal of Business Ethics,131(3), pp.681-698. Habakus, L.K. and Holland, M. eds., 2013.Vaccine epidemic: How corporate greed, biased science, and coercive government threaten our human rights, our health, and our children. Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.. Hadani, M. and Schuler, D.A., 2013. In search of El Dorado: The elusive financial returns on corporate political investments.Strategic Management Journal,34(2), pp.165-181. Hasnas, J., 2013. Foreword to the Ethics of Bailouts and Government Support of Corporations: Public Benefit or Crony Capitalism.Geo. JL Pub. Pol'y,11, p.279. Hoffman, W.M., Frederick, R.E. and Schwartz, M.S. eds., 2014.Business ethics: Readings and cases in corporate morality. John Wiley Sons. Idowu, S.O., Capaldi, N. and Zu, L., 2013.Encyclopedia of corporate social responsibility. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Jin, K.G., Drozdenko, R. and DeLoughy, S., 2013. The role of corporate value clusters in ethics, social responsibility, and performance: A study of financial professionals and implications for the financial meltdown.Journal of business ethics,112(1), pp.15-24. Kelly, M. and White, A.L., 2015. From corporate responsibility to corporate design.Globalization and Corporate Citizenship: The Alternative Gaze: A Collection of Seminal Essays, p.67. Knudsen, J.S., Moon, J. and Slager, R., 2015. Government policies for corporate social responsibility in Europe: a comparative analysis of institutionalisation.Policy Politics,43(1), pp.81-99. Long, R.T., 2016.Anarchism/minarchism: is a government part of a free country?. Routledge. Matten, D., 2015.Business Ethics: Managing Corporate Citizenship and Sustainability in the Age of Globalization. Oxford University Press. Mpinganjira, M., Roberts-Lombard, M., Wood, G. and Svensson, G., 2016. Embedding the ethos of codes of ethics into corporate South Africa: current status.European Business Review,28(3). Nelson, B., 2013.Law and ethics in global business: how to integrate law and ethics into corporate governance around the world. Routledge. Nica, E., 2013. Social Responsibility, Corporate Welfare, and Business Ethics.Psychosociological Issues in Human Resource Management,1(1), pp.9-14. Ntim, C.G. and Soobaroyen, T., 2013. Corporate governance and performance in socially responsible corporations: New empirical insights from a Neoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Institutional framework.Corporate Governance: An International Review,21(5), pp.468-494. Sahut, J.M., Boulerne, S., Mili, M. and Teulon, F., 2014.What Relation Exists Between Corporate Social Responsibility (Csr) And Longevity Of Firms?(No. 2014-248). Schmitz, J. and Schrader, J., 2015. Corporate social responsibility: A microeconomic review of the literature.Journal of Economic Surveys,29(1), pp.27-45. Soltani, B. and Maupetit, C., 2015. Importance of core values of ethics, integrity and accountability in the European corporate governance codes.Journal of Management Governance,19(2), pp.259-284. Subramaniam, N., Kansal, M. and Babu, S., 2015. Governance of mandated corporate social responsibility: Evidence from Indian government-owned firms.Journal of Business Ethics, pp.1-21. Swanson, D.L. and Frederick, W.C., 2016. Denial and leadership in business ethics education.Business ethics: New challenges for business schools and corporate leaders, pp.222-240. Weber, J. and Wasieleski, D.M., 2013. Corporate ethics and compliance programs: A report, analysis and critique.Journal of Business Ethics,112(4), pp.609-626.

The Role of Alcohol in Dubliners Essay Essay Example

The Role of Alcohol in Dubliners Essay Essay The function of intoxicant in Joyce James’ Dubliners can be seen in three narratives: The Dead. A Small Cloud and Counterparts. Alcohol is used by some of the characters who wishes to bask and get away. As the author’s technique. she wanted to connote how intoxicant is used during the clip that she wrote the book. Alcohol has ever been present in the civilization of people in Europe. Alcohol imbibing ritual makes a individual temporarily escape world. In Dubliners. intoxicant is one great influence in the characters of Farrington from the narrative Counterparts. Thomas Chandler from the narrative A Little Cloud and Freddy Malins from the narrative The Dead. Alcohol is used to stress the subject of palsy that the writer wishes to demo to its readers. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Alcohol in Dubliners Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Alcohol in Dubliners Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Alcohol in Dubliners Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There are events in the life of Farrington from the narrative Counterparts that he clings on to alcohol in order to get away world. He is a arch worker because he steals company clip in order to take long hours of tiffin interruption. But alternatively of eating on eating houses or at the office canteen. he went to different bars and indulge himself with intoxicant. But so his foreman eventually discovered his misconduct and told him that he is given merely half an hr for tiffin and non an hr and a half. But this does non shaken Farrington at all. he kept on get awaying from his duties and spends most of the clip imbibing. He has his on grounds for imbibing. for him it is a manner to acquire off from jobs. Alternatively of loving his occupation as a clerk. he loves alcohol even more. Because of this. he loss his occupation by neglecting to carry through a given undertaking. He was excessively busy looking frontward to the dark he will pass imbibing with his friends that he forgot to subject an of import paper. His imaginativeness of what happy their imbibing session could be made him free his focal point on his occupation. He was insulted by his foreman but alternatively of apologising he choose to travel out of the office instantly. He is willing to give everything in topographic point of intoxicant. He pawn his ticker to hold some money for imbibing. When the clip comes for Farrington and his friends to imbibe. Alcohol truly made him bury all his defeats and depressions from his occupation. The drink made his personally more boost alternatively. He proudly told his friend how he fight back his foreman and how he ridiculed him. Farrington went on saloon hoping with his friends which made him pass and pass tonss of money. He felt a little defeated because of this and so he decided to contend an arm wrestle to affect people. But because of the consequence of the intoxicant. he loss the conflict. Alcohol made Farrington a careless adult male. His occupation is replaced by intoxicant and when he went place he found out that there is no nutrient for his household. All because of his immense disbursement in the bars that he and his friends went to. The truth that there is no nutrient for them made him angry and he ended up crushing his hapless boy. Freddy Malin from the narrative The Dead is a good known rummy. Once he is already intoxicated. he is non cognizant of he’s errors. For Freddy Malin intoxicant means a batch in relation to his societal life and conviviality. But so he is incognizant of his actions one time he is intoxicated. That is why on the event that Kate and Julia Morkin organizes a party for their nephew Gabriel Conroy. tonss of nutrient and drinks are served as expected. When Freddy Malins entered the hall. Aunt Kate asks Gabriel to look for him since he might acquire drunk once more. Since one of the guest Mr. Browne is besides making dirty concern with other ladies during that dark. Gabriel decided to allow the two be joined together to avoid unneeded events. Mr. Browne gave Freddy lemonade alternatively of spirits to avoid being intoxicated. Alcohol besides plays an of import function in the narrative A Little Cloud. Here. Thomas Chandler met up his friend Ignatius Gallaher. The two went on imbibing for old time’s interest. The two had a good clip speaking over beer bottles about their callings. Alcohol made Thomas a sentimental sap. His lower status and depression comes out upon hearing the success narrative of his friend. He felt thankless of his state of affairs as a hapless household adult male. He could hold been happy for his friend alternatively of being covetous. But since the consequence of intoxicant is at that place. negativeness comes out of his rummy head. His resentment continuously shows when he even promote his friend to hold a household of his ain so that the conversation be changed. But still Gallaher refuses his suggestion because when he gets married he can non go any longer. Thomas is truly aghast and discontented of his state of affairs. He is non sober any longer that’s why many things came across his head. He could hold been a good author if he did non get married early. Thomas Gallaher goes home frustrated and depress. The consequence of intoxicant besides made him bemused with so many sick feelings and ideas. He even forgot to purchase java which his married woman told him to make so earlier that twenty-four hours. He sits with their kid in their house while contemplating on his life’s letdowns. He even questioned his matrimonial position and fault it for remaining in Dublin and non sing what success his friend has. He ended up being scolded by his married woman because he was excessively busy believing that he did non detect that their kid was already shouting. Drinking in the instances of the three characters are presented as their natural act. Actions are already done without giving any idea on it if it is truly needed or non. Farrington could hold salvage some money for his household alternatively of passing all of it on imbibing and clubbing. His actions is made worst by intoxicant. Alternatively of being depress for his occupation. he even boasted and told his friend what he did to his foreman. The head is non working decently because of the giddiness caused by intoxicant. He ended up crushing his boy who neer did any incorrect to him. Freddy Malins on the other manus ever connects intoxicant with conviviality. For him. this is his beginning of felicity. That’s why on any event. people tend to look over him so that they will do it certain that he remains sober until the party is over. Where in fact. he could make it entirely by reasonably imbibing and believing foremost of the effects of his actions. In the instance of Thomas Gallaher. intoxicant made him more sensitive. His inebriation gave him an emotional incapacity. He is filled with excessively much strivings and defeats. His poorness made him compare his life to his friend which made his state of affairs more hard. He blames his being married to all his wretchedness which neer gave him any good. The writer uses intoxicant to demo the manner characters betrays their personality. They wanted to get away world thats why they chose to imbibe alternatively of puting things directly. The subject of palsy is justified by intoxicant because it makes the characters incapable of making things. Their head is crippled and cluttered with intoxicant that made them determinations that are unmanageable. Plants Cited Joyce. James. Dubliners. London: Penguin Classicss. 1956.

American Football in American Culture

American Football in American Culture American football evolved from British roots but has closer relations to Rugby that to soccer (Camp, 2009). It got its name from the fact that men playing it were on foot and not on horseback (Camp, 2009). Outside of the United States, the name football mainly refers to soccer. In this case, players use their feet to play, as opposed to American football, where hands are the key limbs used in the sport.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on American Football in American Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The distinction between American football and rugby came about with rule changes instituted to improve the game in the early part of the twentieth century (Camp, 2009). The Second World War saw the introduction of American football as a standard part of recruit training. This era saw the sport become a national unifying element. It encapsulated, in the view of some generals, all the values required of a sold ier (Falk, 2005). American football has certain elements that relate closely to American culture (Falk, 2005). America as a country came about as a melting pot of cultures because many immigrants from different parts of the world moved to the States in search of the American dream (Gems Pfister, 2009). They came with their cultural influences and contributed to what is now a unique cultural expression. The elements of American culture found in American football include sacrifice, hard work, courage, and equal opportunity (Falk, 2005). As a national value, America was the product of sacrifice on the part of the settlers. They left predictable lives in their native countries to pursue a dream in the new world. This element continues up to date where many people choose to move to America to test their fortunes rather than remain in their home countries where they have sure opportunities, albeit unrewarding. They come along with a mind dedicated to hard work with the hope of seeing the reward for their efforts. They also display a lot of courage to take this journey. In the olden days, it meant braving the rough seas. In the modern world, it means going through rigorous immigration checks to get a pass into the country. The assurance of equal opportunity for all in America drives the immigrants. Americans as a people believe in equal opportunity for all (Gems Pfister, 2009). The nature of the game makes it require the same elements that describe the national psyche of America. All players must be ready to sacrifice by enduring long hours of rigorous training to attain sufficient levels of fitness for play. The training and the playing are all hard work. It is one of the sports that demand the most physical and mental exertion from the players.Advertising Looking for research paper on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Every player must display courage because a clash with an oppone nt may end up in career-ending injuries. This is a constant risk. Finally, the sport has in its ranks Americans from all walks because teams demand only the best. This means that the only qualifier for the sport is fitness to play it, regardless of creed and color (Gems Pfister, 2009). In as much as American football serves as a microcosm of American culture, it is also an active part of it (Falk, 2005). The National Football League (NFL) final is truly a national event that attracts unparalleled following in the sporting arena. It forms an important part of the American festive season and provides vast opportunities for business and social interaction. It is a high point for many in America. Local leagues in some areas provide identity to their regions such as Odessa, Texas, while the college leagues continue to command a great national following (Falk, 2005). Reference List Camp, W. (2009). American Football. Canal Winchester OH: Badgley Publishing. Falk, G. (2005). Football and American Identity. New York NY: Routledge. Gems, G. S., Pfister, G. (2009). Understanding American Sport: In Culture and Society. New York, NY: Routledge.

Basic accounting principles

Basic accounting principles The set of rules that governs the field of accounting are known as accounting principles. Accounting principles are conventions that provide a framework for accounting, book keeping, and financial reporting. These principles are essential for businesses preparing their financial statements. For reporting purposes, both internal and external, accounting principles ensure that the financial information should not be misleading for its users. During the Great Depression of 1929, US Government passed a law for the creation of convention, principles, and standards for accounting practices. These principles are known as Generally Accepted Accounting Principles or GAAP. GAAP helped in standardizing the practices used in the accounting industry for preparing financial statements. With the help of GAAP debtors, creditors and investors can analyze the financial health of the company and also compare its performance with other companies. All the companies are expected to follow these generally accepted accounting principles when they are preparing their financial statements. The topics that GAAP covers are assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses, equity, preparation of financial statements, and all the other industry-specific accounting practices pertaining to aviation, banking, etc. There are three principles of accounting. These are: The Business Entity Concept – In accountancy, a clear distinction has been made between the business and its proprietor. Business Entity Concept means that the business should be treated as a separate entity from its owner. A business is a separate entity in the eyes of laws. In legal terms, it can be said that a business can exist even after the existence of its proprietors. Even in the books of accounts of business entity, each transaction is recorded from the perspective of the business and not from point of view of the proprietor. Going Concern Concept – Going concern concept explains that the business until and unless entered into liquidation, is to be considered having a perpetual or an indefinite life. American Institute of Certified Public Accountants defines it as â€Å"going concern concept assumes that the business will remain in existence long enough for all the assets of the business to be fully utilized. Utilized assets mean obtaining the complete benefit from their earning potential†. Any business is said to going concern when there is neither an intention nor the necessity to wind up its operations in foreseeable future. Full Disclosure Concept – Full disclosure concept requires that companies should reveal every aspect of its accounting in their financial statements. According to this concept financial statements should provide fair and full information about they purport to represent. To meet the requirement of Full Disclosure concept, financial statements are supported by the footnotes. For example, market value of investments, methods used for valuation of investments, inventories and methods used for charging depreciation on fixed assets, etc. are shown in the Balance Sheet as footnotes. The purpose of full disclosure concept is to provide all material and relevant facts pertaining to the financial health and results to its users.

Applied Analysis of the Carbon Price Mechanism in Australia Essay - 1

Applied Analysis of the Carbon Price Mechanism in Australia - Essay Example 2. Increase in cost of traditional energy sources on the energy consumption pattern of Australian household. 3. Impact of increased cash payment on household budget, energy consumption and economic wellbeing. The following section deals with the analysis of the policy implications. Brief review on carbon price mechanism Australia being the hottest and the driest continent on earth has been exposed to drastic changes in the climatic conditions more than any other OECD countries. The excessive temperature variations had affected the country’s agriculture which in turn had effected the food production in the country. Although a meagre amount of green house gases are emitted by the country in contrast to the worldwide share but the intensity of emission is high in terms of per capita GDP. This is largely due to the heavy dependence on the electricity sector which accounts for one third of the country’s emission. In order to rectify the problem of climate change, government ratified Kyoto Protocol in the year 2007.It is expected that the total emission of green house gases will be reduced below 60% by 2020 1 In order to meet this target, government has planned to go for carbon price mechanism. The objective of such a mechanism is to make the dirty energy expensive and the cleaner energy attractive. The big polluters are required to pay on the basis of every tonne of pollutant emitted by them. The mechanism is subject to commencement from July 2012.There will be a fixed price for carbon in the first three years such as $23(1st year), $24.15 (2nd year) and $25.40(3rd year).The fixed price has been devised in order to avoid price shocks. The floor price in the first three years will be AUD15 and the ceiling price has been set at AUD20 which will be above market price. This will be done to ensure greater predictability of price .The presence of floor price also ensures the investors that the price will not fall beyond a certain level. The scheme is expecte d to cover over 60% of Australia’s green house gas emission. However forestry and agriculture are excluded from the scheme. Free permits will be allocated to emission prone industries that are involved in international trade2 Flexible price mechanism will be introduced from 2015, during which carbon price will be evaluated through Emission Trading Scheme. Revenue generated via selling the carbon permits will be utilised in investing to cleaner energy activities. It is also decided that various mechanisms will be used to provide assistance to a number of sectors3. Technically the carbon price mechanism is not a tax. In a paper presented by Antonio Cornwell and John Creedy, it has been cited that a tax on carbon emission will eventually affect fossil fuel prices and hence the consumer prices. Such a price change will then lead to alterations in the levels of final demand, use of fossil fuel and overall carbon dioxide emission4. An important element of this mechanism is to estab lish a system that would govern the dynamics of carbon price within the nation as well as achieve the goal of long term reduction in emission of green house gases. The major thing that concerns the most is the impact of such price mechanism on the households. It has therefore been proposed that the households will be taken care of by revising the family payments, welfare and income tax scenario. Individuals with a family income of AUD65000, will be given a tax

Company Case Notes Payless Shoe Source Assignment

Company Case Notes Payless Shoe Source - Assignment Example The essay "Company Case Notes Payless Shoe Source" talks about the Payless Shoes on the fashion market. It was in 1995 that Payless Shoes made drastic changes in its marketing mix and pricing strategy. With fierce competition from Wal-Mart, Payless focused on collaborating with well known marketing developers and designers to target the young women. As the company launched branded shoes, it shifted from its previous EDLP (everyday low pricing) strategy to offer shoes at prices as high as $60, thus selling at higher prices than Wal-Mart and other low price stores. Psychological pricing is the strategy of taking advantage of customers’ emotional responses to products with different prices. It is a strategy adopted by most retailers who fix their product prices at odd amounts like $1.99. It gives the customers illusion that the price is closer to $1 whereas in reality it is as good as equal to $2. Since Payless has to sustain their market share within growing competition from gia nt retailers like Wal-Mart therefore it has increased their price by collaborating with branded shoes Aerosport, Airwalk, American Eagle, Dexter Comfort, and so on (â€Å"Payless: All Brands†). In order to refrain from shocking the customers with sudden increase of prices, the common tactics could have been the above mentioned psychological pricing strategy. However, Payless did not pay attention to this and did not implement any such strategies. Payless shoes targets the young women to sell stylish and fashionable shoes at affordable prices.

World’s Top 10 Coffee-Producing Essay Example for Free

World’s Top 10 Coffee-Producing Essay Coffee is the world’s second largest traded commodity it is used not only for drinking but for soft drinks and cosmetics as well, it is second only to oil according to all imports and exports from all countries. They are two main types Arabica coffee (most people are used to this and are more popular) and there is Robusta coffee. In the last two years the prices of coffee have been gradually falling (Ycharts. (2013). Coffee Arabica Price) alongside this, the supply of coffee has also been falling. Although there have been some price fluctuations at times and this could end up really affecting an economy that depends on coffee. The reason that this is such a big deal is because the countries that heavily depend on coffee exports are usually developing countries and with the price of coffee falls, so does their rate of development, these countries involve countries such as Vietnam, Ethiopia, Peru and Guatemala who are all within the world’s top ten coffee producers (Justin Doom. (2011). World’s Top 10 Coffee-Producing Countries in 2010-2011). When these economies are weakened, they face to their governments, who need to somehow intervene in the coffee market and try to stabilise the prices so that they can reach their ultimate goal to continue to develop. Price stability in the coffee market is an ideal scenario in a market where the prices for coffee do not alter drastically. They may raise a little or fall, but never by a noticeable amount, and are easy to predict, which can help coffee producers plan for the far future. It is not only important to coffee producers, but to the economy as whole, if the prices for coffee are unstable, for some countries this could have a huge impact on the inflation levels. The diagram below describes how an unstable price for coffee can increase and affect the short run aggregate supply and cause the general price level for the economy to rise and therefore causing inflation as they did in July 2012 (Ycharts. (2013) There are several reasons why the prices of coffee have been fluctuating, but still gradually falling. The first reason is that coffee or coffee beans are extracted from plants. These plants must first be grown, then harvested. There is only so much mankind can do to ensure that there is always excess coffee however sometimes natural disasters can occur, and there is nothing that farmers can do to prevent this, when natural disasters occurs it means that farmers will have small yields and supply for coffee will be low, for  example Colombia, one of the world’s leading coffee producers and exporters, in recent years have been experiencing poor weather conditions which have led to production falling by 12% to 7.809 million bags in 2011 which is a record low that hasn’t been seen since 1976. This can cause the price to increase seeing as coffee is the world’s second most demanded commodity. These poor conditions consisted of excessive heavy rainfall, disease, pest and limited sunlight (Zacks Equity Research. (2012)). The graph below shows how the supply for coffee has decrease leading to a rise in price On the other hand this is just an example for Colombia and for the rest of the world the prices for coffee have been falling for the last four years, this is due to wealthy individuals and companies use their money to invest in the global coffee suppliers, and other large coffee producers such as Brazil (the world number three) has been turning out high yield and is expected to do so in following years. Fain Shaffer, president of infinity trading crop expects coffee to be traded by one dollar to a pound of coffee, figures which have not been seen since September 2006. (Alexandra Wexler. (09/17/2013)) Coffee prices may currently be relatively stable at the moment however according to research conducted by the Royal Botanical Edinburgh along with Ethiopian scientists and London’s Botanical Garden, Kew, have predicted that wild Arabica coffee will be extinct by the year 2080. If the prices beg in to fall, all of a sudden the prices for coffee will no longer be stable. No country operates on a 100% free market. All economies are mixed, some tend to be freer than others, however should a country find that prices are volatile or unfair, they can always rely on the government to intervene, aka government intervention. One way a government could help stabilise the price of coffee is through buffer stock schemes, these schemes focus on the prices of coffee and try to stabilize the price, they do this by first establishing the intervention price, this is a price the government thinks is most suitable for coffee. Once this has been established the government will then buy up a lot of coffee when the price is at its lowest, they continue to do this until prices for coffee begin to rise again, and to balance out the price to make sure it is at the intervention price. They are constantly buying coffee to balance out the price. This is an effective method in theory however in real life they do not work out as planned because the people in charge of the buffer stock  tend to get greedy and try to max imise profits rather than help the economy as a whole and end up just constantly buying till they go bust. A good example of a successful buffer stock scheme is in Brazil, for years Conab, Brazil’s official crop bureau has been buying coffee at low prices and uses it to help local producers when the selling price for coffee is too low. Between 2003-2004 Conab had just under four million KGs accumulated. (Geoff Riley. (2012)) Another issue with this is that it is very difficult for a government to raise enough money to buy up enough coffee to influence the natural supply and demand. It is also expensive to store large amounts of coffee and because it is an agricultural good it has a shelf life. Another method the government could intervene is through Subsidies. A subsidy is a grant given by the government in order to increase production, this would help producers who have produce low yields due to high taxation and or high costs If the government could make coffee more attractive this could help stabilise the price if supply started to fall. This however is not a very effective meth od because it can only help bring the supply of coffee back up, and it may be able to work to well, if producers begin to produce excess supply the prices of coffee could start to increase sharply leaving the prices unstable yet again. Buffer stock schemes are the most ideal way for a government to ensure price stability, and the success of the scheme depends heavily on whether or not the Government can provide proper facilities to accommodate huge quantities of coffee and are able to afford to buy enough Coffee to be able to alter the market forces so that if prices go to high they can bring them down and if they go to low that they can bring them back up again, if not it could result in huge losses for the economy and even end up setting the country back. The supply and demand of coffee can and always will be prone to quick sudden changes due to circumstances that are unavoidable.

The Development of Fission and the Nuclear Reactor Essay -- Essays Pap

The Development of Fission and the Nuclear Reactor Nuclear transmutations had began in 1919 with an experiment by Earnest Rutherford. He demonstrated that nitrogen, when bombarded with alpha particles, can be turned into oxygen. During the 1920’s experiments continued, but collecting radioactive sources with a high enough intensity became hard. In 1931 the invention of the cyclotron and the Van de Graaff accelerator made a variety of other particles available, and strengthened nuclear studies. In 1934 Frederick Joliot discovered artificial radioactivity. The development of nuclear fission, the splitting of an elements heavy nucleus, like a uranium atom to form two lighter "fission fragments" as well as less massive particles as the neutrons, really began with the research of Enrico Fermi and his associates at the University of Rome, in Italy. In 1934 it was known that atoms consisted of a nucleus, containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons. It was also known that certain nuclei were radioactive. Radioactive nuclei emit alpha particles, which are pieces of nuclear matter containing two protons and two neutrons. After the alpha particle leaves the nucleus radium is changed into radon. If the radon gas is combined with several grams of beryllium then neutrons are found to be emitted. When the alpha particle enters a beryllium nucleus it provides enough kinetic energy for a neutron to burst out, leaving behind a carbon nucleus in the process. It was later determined that this energy could be harnessed by a nuclear reactor and used for power. A nuclear reactor causes a interaction between two or more nuclei, nuclear particles, or radiation, causing fission. Nuclear reactors are used ... ...one strives to use energy wisely, existing resources will last longer. Less damage to the environment will occur. Thanks to the development of nuclear fission and the nuclear reactor, our society has seen many changes over the past 65 years. Nuclear energy has helped to take our country into the next era. From medical uses to powering submarines, nuclear energy has provided us with a much more advanced and efficient way of creating electricity and power. Bibliography Allison, Samuel. Constructive Uses of Atomic Energy. Freeport, NY: Harper& Row, Publishers, Inc, 1971. Dietz, David. Atomic Science, Bombs and Power. New York, NY: Collier Books, 1962. Graetzer, Hans. The Discovery of Nuclear Fission. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1971. Williams, Robert. The American Atom. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1984.

“Macbeth”: The Tragic Hero Essay

Witches cause Macbeth’s downfall) By placing this thought in his mind, they effectively guide him on the path to the beginning of his own destruction. (Witches cause Macbeth’s downfall) After Banquo is killed, his ghost attends Macbeth’s banquet however his ghost is visible only to Macbeth. Evoking Sympathy for Macbeth) Shakespeare creates sympathy towards Macbeth when, Macbeths loses all composure in front of his guests when he sees Banquds ghost. His deteriorating mental state becomes known to all when he first beholds the ghost. He cries out, â€Å"Thou canst say I did it / Never shake thy gory locks at me† (3. 4. 61-62) The reader feels pity for a defenseless Macbeth as it becomes evident that his mental balance is diminishing and this ghost is a direct result of Macbeth’s guilty conscience (Evoking Sympathy for Macbeth). Macbeth, who was once a strong, righteous character, has urned into a paranoid shell of a man (Evoking Sympathy for Macbeth). In his rise to power, after Macbeth heard the prophecies of the witches he did not personally have the ambition and eagerness to take the throne and become king of Scotland (The Direct and Indirect Cause). On the other hand, however, once Lady Macbeth heard that her husband had been fortuned to be king, her lust for greed and selfishness drove her to insist that Macbeth take action immediately to seize the opportunity to become king. The Direct and Indirect Cause) After Lady Macbeth eads the letter from her husband detailing the confrontation with the witches she immediately resolves to have Duncan killed to fulfill the prophecy. Lady Macbeth mentions how she will persuade and talk Macbeth out of whatever is keeping him away from the crown, this includes the killing of Duncan . † Hie thee hither, / That I may pour my spirits in thine ear [And chastise wi th the valor of my tongue / All that impedes thee from the golden round, IWhich fate and metaphysical aid doth seem / To have thee crowned withal. † (1. 5. 4-29) Macbeth is unsure of the morality of the oth against the deed† (1. 7. 14-15). While Macbeth contemplates whether murdering Duncan is possible, Lady Macbeth goes on to remark that if he murders Duncan, Macbeth â€Å"would be so much more the man† (1. 7. 58). This convinces Macbeth into committing the murder. The audience, however, feels sympathy for an insecure Macbeth as he begins his spiral into ultimate destruction (Evoking Sympathy for Macbeth). It appears that without the push of Lady Macbeth the deed would have been unlikely to have taken place. (Evoking Sympathy for Macbeth) Even though Macbeth was influenced by his wife Lady Macbeth and by the witches, Macbeth is also responsible for the actions that lead to his fate. Because ignoring the voice in his own mind telling him right from wrong, Macbeth has set himself to his own destruction. He knows what he is doing is wrong even before he murders Duncan, but he allows Lady Macbeth and greed to cloud his Judgment. (Evoking Sympathy for Macbeth) Macbeth could have dismissed the prophecies like Banquo did, but he instead chose to believe in the predictions, which ultimately lead to his own downfall. Evoking Sympathy for Macbeth) Yet again, Shakespeare allows the readers to sympathize for Macbeth by displaying Macbeths hopelessness in the final act. Until the last moment, Macbeth believes that â€Å"none of women born / shall harm Macbeth. † (4. 1. 88-89) However, Macduff crushes Macbeth’s last hope when he informs Macbeth that he, Macduff, was â€Å"from his mother’s womb untimely ripped† (5. 8. 19-20) â€Å"The reader feels sympathy for Macbeth because of his brave display of conviction and pursuit of honorable death. Macbeth dies with dignity by not trying to fght his fate, also invoking pity from the reader. Macbeth Causes His Own Downfall) Macbeth is considered a tragic hero because his actions lead to his defeat. However, his wife Lady Macbeth’s mad plans and the witches prophesies also had a major contribution to his downfall. Taking into consideration that Macbeth started off as a respected general, a devoted husband, and a loyal subjec t of the king, sympathy towards him was evoked even after he transformed into an evil, deceitful, and corrupt leader (Evoking Sympathy for Macbeth). Macbeth is considered a tragic hero because his actions lead to his defeat.

Texts in Time: Heart of Darkness vs Blood Diamond

Leukocytes Salmon's situation he schemes to use him to get his hands on an extremely valuable diamond; the Diamond of Salmon's eye (his son Did) for the large conflict stone. During the first half of the movie Danny is inconsiderate and self-centered; however he is influenced by Salmon's love, Maydays passion and Benjamin philosophy and slowly transforms into thoughtful man who can see further than the simplistic principles of greed and wealth. 010 Troy Greater pappy, but at great cost to the African civilians. But now we know the truth and we're not so happy anymore. We should thank Kick for opening our eyes and questioning how far is too far? An obsession with wealth is the driving force for not only antagonists Captain Poison and Van De Kappa but for the star-of-the-show, Danny Archer, too. Danny was born in Rhodesia, the country we know today as Zanzibar and lost his parents when he was seven. His mother was violated before murdered along with his father and Danny was adopted int o he army.After serving his country and being robbed of his family and childhood he felt he deserved to be wealthy and became involved in the illicit diamond trade. As he never had the opportunity to value something other than money, wealth was his highest priority. Lear inning o f Of course, these particular stories are fictional, but they have been created to inform us that these horrific events happen, and have been taking place for over one hundred years. Kick as described his movie as ‘holding up a error to the world, to remind the world of itself, even if this image is unflattering. He has commented shifts in the paradigm only come about when people are willing to do this. Conrad and Kicks works comment on values like wealth, power and family and issues such as exploitation, discrimination and violence. In both stories something small like the desire for a sparkly ring can have a powerful and ongoing unintended effect. The film's negative situations and human suffering a re meant to outrage us so hat we will take action, thereby producing a positive outcome from the film.This is true for Conrad and Kicks creations, as a single book/ movie has sparked awareness of the horror and inspired people to reach out and make a change. Please Join us in our crusade for a brighter future. Feature Article Not So Crystal Clear The truth about diamonds and proof our values haven't changed in one hundred years. BY HOLLY SMITH Over time, our core values have remained relatively unchanged, even if attitudes towards them now differ.

Dulce Et Decorum Est Essays - Literature, Figures Of Speech

Dulce Et Decorum Est Essays - Literature, Figures Of Speech Dulce Et Decorum Est Reality Dulce et Decorum Est, an anti-war poem by Wilfred Owen, ( ) conveys a strong meaning and persuasive argument. The anti-war theme and serious tone is extremely effective at portraying war as horrid and devastating. Upon my initial reading of this poem I felt overpowered by blood, guts and death. Although my reaction hasnt changed much through numerous readings, my emotional reaction becomes more intense with each reading. This poem makes me feel like I am right there watching the soldier who cannot fasten his mask fast enough and suffers the full effects of deadly gas. This poem also makes me look beyond the death and question the pain inflicted on the mothers who kissed their sons goodbye as they went to defend their country. I imagine the mother receiving word her son has died and is told how noble and patriotic his death was. In his last moments, the soldier and his family become victims of The old lie (610). The precise dictation, vivid comparisons and graphic imagery are the thre e major elements that influenced my reaction to this poem. Through the precise dictation, I could clearly understand what the author is saying. Words like guttering, choking, and drowning jumped out at me and made my body shiver (610). Other words like writhing and froth-corrupted made me understand just how tragic war is. Not only do these words show how this man is suffering, but also they show precisely the level of pain and torment this man must endure. The fact that the gassed man was flung into the wagon convinced me that it is not sweet nor fitting to die for ones country (610). The authors use of dictation was extremely effective in convincing me of just tragic and pointless war is. In addition to dictation, the authors use of metaphor and similes also influenced my reaction to this poem. In the first line the author describes the troops as being Bent double, like beggars under sacks(610). This simile expresses the condition of the men and reinforces the hopelessness they feel. The authors comparison of the dyeing mans hanging face to a devils sick of sin dramatizes just how corrupt it all seems. The most powerful simile is when the author compares the sound of the gassed man gurgling blood in is lungs as obscene as cancer (610). The most effective metaphor is the vile, incurable sores that the author compares to the troops memories. This metaphor illustrates how the troops will never forget this experience. This pain will forever be with them. The author clears up any misconception that war is noble and convinces me that his beliefs are true. More effectively than metaphors and similes, the graphic imagery that this poem explodes with drastically influenced my reaction to this poem. Some of the images in this poem nearly made me feel nauseas. The images I experienced in the readings of this poem could never be forgotten, especially when I take my three sons to register with Selective Services. My emotional and physical reaction reinforces how effective the authors use of imagery is in this poem. The image of the troops drunk with fatigue and deaf to the gas-shells dropping softly behind is a chilling image (610). As someone yells Gas it is an ecstasy of fumbling and one is still floundring like a man on fire (610). Through the thick green light, as under a sea the speaker sees the man drowning and describes the gargling from the forth-corrupted lungs (610). Each of these images are disturbing to think about, but exposes the reality of war. These images made me feel disgusted at what war is capable of. The author ties this poem together in the last line. In Latin, the phrase Dulce et decorum est means It is sweet and fitting to die for ones country(610). The author calls the phrase the big lie (610). Although there are countless elements, dictation, vivid comparisons and imagery, are the elements that persuaded and moved me emotionally and intellectually. Even though I recognize deadly gasses are generally not used in war anymore, I will never react the same to the billboards or commercials saying, Be all you can be

Describe a place or enviroment where you are perfectly content what do Essay

Describe a place or enviroment where you are perfectly content what do you do or experience ther and why is it meaningful to you - Essay Example I am perfectly content in my grandparents’ house because it is a place that encourages long conversations and symbolizes the role of family as a permanent source of support, guidance, and inspiration. My grandparents have a big house that they built through decades of hard work in business, and now, it has become a friendly environment where family and peers can drop by anytime to spend time with one another, particularly sharing personal and other kinds of stories. My cousins and I used to go there daily. Sometimes, when there are no classes, we stay the whole day, playing at the wide backyard with fruit-bearing trees or just lazing around in the front yard reading comics and books. The best times are storytelling times with my grandparents. My grandma and grandpa have different genres they specialize in. My grandpa is fond of histories and documentaries, while grandma talks about folk tales and personal life stories. When I listen to them, I feel transported to their older worlds or other imaginary places. They have a way of speaking and describing characters, settings, and plots that enthrall their audiences. Even when some stories are grisly and scary, I feel safe in the have n of my grandparents’ house. Besides listening to histories and folk stories, I love the long conversations we have when we eat together. Every day, a family or friend drops by and brings food and good stories. My grandparents have a long dining table that can fit fifteen people. Around it are smaller tables. The dining room is designed with conversations in mind, where people can listen to one another and share their stories and ideas openly, but respectfully. I remember when my grandmother told their love story. Their love story has a familiar plot because she and grandpa started as friends, until they fell in love in college. I love the parts where grandpa would visit grandma and he would bring her food, instead of flowers. She prefers good food over flowers that wilt. She

Legal Systems and Contract Law - resit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Legal Systems and Contract Law - resit - Essay Example 4. The position of Constance in the existing circumstances and its impact on Calum. 5. Possible remedies available to Calum RULES In order to conduct a critical analysis of the case at hand, it is necessary to examine the relevant components of the English and the Scottish legal systems that differ. However, to set the discussion rolling, it is necessary to examine the general rules that define the concepts of offer, acceptance and contracts in both jurisdictions. English Common Law In order to form a valid contract, there must be an offer and an acceptance. In the general sense, an acceptance must match the terms of the offer and it. The specific method of acceptance must comply with the required method of acceptance1. Thus, if the offeror specifies that an offer must be accepted via one medium of communication, that medium must be used to accept the offer. In other cases, an equally appropriate method of communication of acceptance to the offeror might be sufficient to create a val id contract2. There is a general issue with acceptance of contract offers by post. This is because when a person accepts an offer via post, the offeror might not be aware. Some issues came up in relation to this trend of affairs and hence, a number of significant rulings came up which defined the postal rule in contract law. The postal rule states that an acceptance is effective the moment an offeree posts a document asserting his acceptance3. A lost letter or a delayed letter does not affect the validity of the acceptance4. However, in modern times, the postal rule applies where postal acceptance is specified as the means of accepting an offer5. Offer In the famous case of Routledge V Grant, it was accepted that an offer is valid until there is a revocation. In the case at hand, an offer was made by Grant to lease his premises to Routledge and he stated that he would keep the offer opened for 6 weeks. However, in the third week, Grant revoked the offer and sold it to another person . It was held that there was no contract between them and Grant could revoke the contract at any time and sell it to anyone he pleased6. This is the general law, however there are some modifications under Scottish Law in this. However, in Byrne V Van Tienhoven, it was established that revocation must be communicated to the offeree7. How an Offer May End It is a general position in English law that request for further details does not mean a rejection of the offer8. However, the lapse of reasonable time or specified time of the offer can render it invalid9. Also, failure to meet a given condition of the offer can render it terminated and the offer will not be available anymore10. A counter offer renders an offer invalid, however, in the case of Butler Machine Tools V Ex-Cello11, the House of Lords held that a counter offer creates some kind of bargaining which they called a â€Å"battle of forms† in which the â€Å"last shot wins†. Scottish Civil Law The relevant aspect of the Scottish civil law that is relevant in the law of contract relate mainly to promises, counter offers and remedies. They are discussed below. Promise A promise seeks to invoke a moral rule that obliges the promiser to keep his word. In most jurisdictions including English law, a promise invokes nothing more than a mere moral obligation which is not enforceable in court. However, promises