Unit 20: Promoting Health Education- P1

Unit 20: Promoting Health Education- P1 In this unit I am going to explain three different approaches to promoting Health Education the three approaches I am going to explain are Mass Media, Community development and Two way Communication. The first approach to promoting Heath Education is Mass Media. -Mass media-any written, printed, visual, electronic, auto-visual media developed to reach mass audience and the public. -Audience segmentation-division of a population into a more homogenous groups based on similarities in attitudes, beliefs and knowledge. This allows greater impact of the message. It is used mainly in promoting Health Education to raise public awareness about a particular problem or issue, Stress the ill-effects of unhealthy behavior and the benefits of preventive behavior. Mass Media can be found anywhere and everywhere. Just a few of the many different types of Media are, Television, Radio, billboards, Posters. There have been many different effective National health campaigns such as: Physical activity, diet, smoking, heart disease, sexually transmitted infections and mental health. There are many different ways of approaching promoting health education such as, planned campaigns and advertising. This has the advantage of targeting a wide target audience and may be tailored to meet specific objectives. Unpaid publicity, this may be low cost campaigns that may seem to provide greater credibility to the target audience. Mass media can use many different approaches to promoting health education. Some of the ways you could promote health education is fear, some campaigns use fear to get the message across and for it to have effect such as, smoking and the effects such as cancer. An Example of a mass media campaign used to promote health education is the NHS Anti-smoking campaign that featured a number of media approaches such as very graphic posters and television advertisements such as The ‘I’d do anything’ advertisement. These types of advertisements are designed to motivate smokers to quit and by featuring the children of smokers singing â€Å"I’d do anything† from the musical Oliver with the endline: â€Å"Your kids would do anything for you. Why don’t you stop smoking for them? I think that this type of approach would have a very positive outcome with a number of people giving up smoking, The outcomes from this NHS campaign would be measured by Engagement and response, Daily/weekly call figures, Number of NHS Quit Kits ordered and Web stats – unique visits, time spent on site, number of page views Another mass media approach would involve health educators working to encourage healthy lifestyles and wellbe ing by educating individuals and communities. They create awareness on subjects that can prevent diseases, injuries, and other health problems. Health educators attempt to prevent illnesses by informing individuals and communities about health-related topics, such as proper nutrition, the importance of exercise, how to avoid sexually transmitted diseases, and the habits and behaviours necessary to avoid illness. The advantages of using mass media to promote health education are that you can raise important issues and create awareness about them. Mass media is also a good way to get people thinking about and discussing the issues, it is also a good way of reaching a large audience and a scatter gun approach can be used. On the other hand there are a few disadvantages of using mass media to promote heath education, such as cost effectiveness. Mass media can be very cost effective and have high costs such as advertising. A Scatter gun approach and it may not be as effective as a direct approach. Sometimes you cannot tell who the message is coming from and it is only one way communication. You also can’t see the outcomes or tell if it has been effective for a very long time. Overall I believe that the use of mass media in health promotion is widely used. It can be used locally, regionally and internationally. But the outcomes of some mass media campaigns are yet to be realized and to be proven as successful or unsuccessful. Mass media is one of the main approaches used in health promotion and its lack of success may be due to its oversimplification or segmented view of health and well-being. The second approach to promoting Heath Education is Community development. -The process whereby people who are marginalized or living in poverty work together to identify their needs, create change, exert more influence in the decisions which affect their lives and work to improve the quality of their lives, the communities in which they live, and the society of which they are part. Community development involves changing the relationships between ordinary people and people in positions of power, so that everyone can take part in the issues that affect their lives. It starts from the principle that within any community there is a wealth of knowledge and experience which, if used in creative ways, can be channeled into collective action to achieve the communities' desired goals. Community development is used to promote health education because the problems can be directly targeted and hit. Community development is used to target issues such as environment issues, housing, crime, pollution, support and isolation. By improving these issues you can improve the health issues that have become a consequence, Such as smoking, alcohol, drugs, stress, exercise and crime. See diagram below: A further approach to community development could involve a multiagency approach. The multiagency approach could involve the Government, local authorities, health trusts, the police, schools and other agencies all co-operating to achieve one outcome within a community. You can promote heath education by targeting an individual group such as children, young people, families and the elderly. It would involve the entire agency’s working together effectively, putting children, young people and their families at the centre of decision making in order to meet their needs and improve their lives. An example of using community development to promote health education could involve starting a group meeting in a local community centre and doing sport activities. Or the local council providing free health facilities for the community such as Hall Classes that could vary from aerobic sessions or keep fit sessions that could involve using the wide range of equipment available at all the sports centers throughout the borough. The session aims could be to develop fitness, weight control, balance, and coordination, fun and group interaction. There are many advantages of using community development to promote health education such as working to improve people’s living environment. Providing a joint effort that brings the community together. It can also improve self esteem and make people have a â€Å"can do† attitude and empowers the community. It is also effective because it can be done on an effective small scale. I. e. 1-1 or 1-10 and you can be given the feedback automatically. Another benefit may be that it is not cost effective because you could use resources from the mass media such as: leaflets, posters or videos. On the other hand the disadvantages of using community development to promote health education are having to have a number of people that are committed for it to have an effect, and some people within the community may have a negative attitude and feel as if change is not possible. Others may depend on other people to fix the issues and you may not be able to evaluate the outcomes to see the effectiveness. Another problem may be that the message may not reach everybody within the community or people may hold back on their feelings or opinions. Overall I believe that Community development is an effective way of promoting health education because it can be used within a community to target a specific area or health problem that may need attention, such as poor housing. I believe that by addressing the main problems you can also target the health problems that have become a result of this. The final approach to promoting health education is two-way communication. -Two-way communication uses communication to negotiate with publics, resolve conflict, and promote mutual understanding. Two way communication is used to in promoting health education mainly to discuss health issues that may affect certain individuals. Two way communication involves one person having a thought then sending that message to the person who is concerned. The receiver then processes the message and gives the feedback. This cycle continues until a positive outcome has been achieved. Two way communication works by only addressing it to a certain individual whom it may concern such as a doctor to a patient. Its effectiveness depends on the way it is addressed to the receiver because people with different ages may need to be spoken to differently such as a young child would be spoken to in a different tone of voice or manner compared to an adult. Two way communication is used to promote health and social care in many different ways. It involves basic talking and listening, this can be a very effective simple way of making a positive change. Body language can also contribute to the outcomes of health promotion because if the health promoter shows open, positive body language and shows interest in the feedback they are receiving. This will show a positive attitude and may have a positive effect because the person who it concerns will feel supported. Two way communication could also be used in the form of leaflets, letters or posters detailing some basic information about the health promotion. Two way communication can also be used to promote health education presented as E-communication by using Email, Facebook and Video. An example of using two way communication to promote health education could involve Voluntary Organizations promoting a health message within a school such as an anti-drugs campaign. The Public Health Agency run an anti drugs campaign called ‘Your body, your life, your choice' this campaign was acknowledged that young people had to make up their own minds about drug use. The campaign works to provide young people with accurate information on the dangers of drugs, and to influence the attitudes of young people so that they are prepared and taught not to experiment with drugs. The target audiences for this campaign are 10-13 year olds and 14-17 year olds and parents. There are many advantages of using two way communication to promote health education. An advantage of using two way communication is that it can be used on a very cheap, small scale basis such as a 1-1 or a 1-10, you can also be given direct feedback. Sensitive issues can also be discussed between two people. I also think that it is an advantage that the target audience can be chosen to meet the specific health promotion needs, such as aiming an anti-cannabis campaign at 16-19 year olds. On the other hand I think that the disadvantages would be that it may not have the same effectiveness as the mass media approach because it is only being used on a small scale. I also feel that it is very limited at what health promotions can be used for what audience. Another disadvantage is that I feel that it would be hard to stress the delayed gratifications to the audience and I think that people would rather choose the instant gratifications. Overall I think that using two way communication to promote health education is a good idea because it can be used on a small scale and private, sensitive issues can be discussed. I also think that it is a good effective way of promoting health education because the issues can be targeted and hit where it will make the biggest impact such as in schools. On the other hand I think that this way of promoting health education may not be as effective as the mass media approach because the mass media approach can reach a wider audience. Health Promoters Health promoters work to promote a positive attitude about keeping healthy, living a healthy lifestyle, preventing illness, and preventing any existing illness from becoming worse. Health promotion covers many different health issues such as diet, obesity, smoking, exercise, alcohol, preventing heart disease, cervical screening, breast screening, sun and health ect. Health promoters can be found both local and nationally an example of a local health promotion is Refresh Free leisure, Anyone who lives, works, is in full time education or whose GP practice is in Blackburn with Darwen qualifies for free leisure. This campaign depends on the use of mass media, two way communication and community development. An example of a national health campaign is the NHS Anti smoking campaign, this is a national campaign because it was used across the country and across Ireland and Scotland. This campaign mostly depended on the use of mass media but also used two way communication and community development to create a more effective outcome. An example of a international Health promoter is, The World Health Organization (WHO) this health promoter is the coordinating authority for health within the United Nations system. It is responsible for providing leadership on global health matters, shaping the health research agenda, setting norms and standards, and monitoring and assessing health trends.

The Fifth Symphony By Ludwig Van Beethoven - 1561 Words

I have chosen to share three of my favorite pieces. Each piece is different by genre, artist, style, and time. These three pieces should be familiar to most of the populations’ ears. I tried to choose different types of pieces because I do not like to listen to the same artists or genre. My personal musical taste is a variety of genres and choosing the three pieces represents my musical mixture. The Fifth Symphony composed by Ludwig Van Beethoven is one of my favorite classical pieces. Beethoven was a famous deaf composer and the most leading influential musical figure in the Romantic era. The Fifth Symphony was written between 1804 and 1808. Beethoven held a concert to debut his pieces, but it did not go as well as planned. The audience was bored and tired from sitting in the auditorium too long that their interest level decreased. It was not until a critic by the name of E.T.A Hoffmann wrote a review analyzing the symphony, in order to show his readers the particular affects Beethoven used to create his music. The symphony soon began its popular status as being the central item in that time period. The overall expression of this piece is about the struggle against inner soul searching and winning the battle. Some listeners might perceive the following events: an encounter with a force or struggle, a period of quiet soul searching, followed by a further wrestling with the blocking barrier, and a victory over the combat while listening to this piece. I do not believe thatShow MoreRelatedComposer Report: Ludwig Van Beethoven Essay1359 Words   |  6 PagesComposer report: Ludwig van Beethoven On 17 December 1770, Ludwig van Beethoven was born. He was an amazing and great classical musical composer. He is known for being the most famous composer of the classical and romantic periods of music. According to the â€Å"Enjoyment of Music† manual, Beethoven was born in Bohn, Germany. His father, with his grandfather, was the two singers at the court of a local prince, Friedrich Max. (Forney and Machlis 197). Beethoven began to take an interest in music fromRead MoreThe Revelation Of Beethovens Childhood1617 Words   |  7 PagesLife as it was for Beethoven had many varying elements, and this research paper will be revealing a lot of what he went through as a young boy all the way to the end of his life and career as the world renowned Ludwig van Beethoven. The basis for this paper is to express and expound on the life and career of Beethoven, and why he was seen as part of the pivotal transition between the Classical and Romantic eras. The topics that will be discussed will be the revelation of Beethoven’s childhood andRead MoreThe Classical Era And The Age Of Enlightenment1123 Words   |  5 PagesLudwig Van Beethoven was a musical masterpiece. He never let problems interfere with his work. He was born in the baroque period, lives a life of fifty-four years, and contributed so much romance in his life although never being married or having kids. Beethoven is well known for hi s work and will forever be known as a Romantic influencer. Beethoven dedicated his whole life to his music. He never let bad situations fully tear him apart from writing and playing music. The historical period that LudwigRead MoreLudwig Van Beethoven, Composer Of All Time, And For Good Reason1459 Words   |  6 PagesLudwig van Beethoven is perhaps the most well known composer of all time, and for good reason. Born in the Classical era, Beethoven composed music that people could connect to and feel in a way that they had never experienced before. Beethoven was a great musical innovator as a result of his work as a composer, his assistance in the transition from the Classical era to the Romantic era of music, and his famous Ninth Symphony. Ludwig van Beethoven was born on either December 16th or 17th in the yearRead MoreLudwig Van Beethoven1210 Words   |  5 PagesLife of a Legend Ludwig van Beethoven, also known as The General of Musicians, was born on December 16, 1770. However, this date is not exact because it is believed that Beethovens father lied about his sons age in order to portray him as an infant prodigy. As a result, Beethoven is convinced he was born on December 16, 1772 at the Rheingasse home, which belonged to the Fischers, who were close friends of the family (Orga 8). Johann van and Maria Magdalena Beethoven bore five childrenRead MoreEssay about Life of Ludwig van Beethoven1182 Words   |  5 PagesLife of Ludwig van Beethoven Ludwig van Beethoven, also known as â€Å" The General of Musicians,† was born on December 16, 1770. However, this date is not exact because it is believed that Beethoven’s father lied about his son’s age in order to portray him as an infant prodigy. As a result, Beethoven is convinced he was born on December 16, 1772 at the Rheingasse home, which belonged to the Fischers, who were close friends of the family (Orga 8). Johann van and Maria Magdalena BeethovenRead MoreBiography of Ludwig van Beethoven746 Words   |  3 Pagescontributions brought by Ludwig van Beethoven. He was one of the most influential German composer and pianist of all time. Ludwig van Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany on December 16, 1770. His mother was a singer in the service and his father was a court musician. His father noticed that Beethoven had a skill at a young age, and began teaching him piano and violin. Beethoven was a hard learner, self-involved and impatient. Gottlob Neefe, become young Beethoven’s mentor, he thought Beethoven was the next MozartRead MoreMusic: Ludwig Van Beethoven1670 Words   |  7 Pagesexpressiveness music is Ludwig van Beethoven. He was a musical genius whose composed some of the most influential pieces of music ever written. During the Classical period, Beethoven’s compositions were the expression as one of the most powerful musical personalities. Although Beethoven wa s influenced by most of the famous composers such as Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, etc. but he was also innovated new techniques that will be seen in the next music period. Beethoven built a musical bridgeRead MoreLudwig Van Beethoven : The First Four Notes1432 Words   |  6 PagesLudwig van Beethoven Do you think you could identify a composer’s work is the first four notes of their piece? A note sequence of short, short, short, long describes one of the most iconic classical symphonies of all time. For most people in the world this German composer has made that possible with the amount of success he achieved in his career. This composer has influenced generations of music makers and listeners from the 1800’s to today. Undoubtingly one of the most influential, well-knownRead MoreThe Greatest Composer Of All Time1386 Words   |  6 Pages but Beethoven is the greatest composer of all time. Everyone has heard the name Beethoven before. Why is he one of the greatest composer of all time? The answer is easy. He influenced so many composers after he died. Just like how Michael Jackson influenced other artists when he passed away. He made a huge impacted during the classical period and to the world. His music was influenced into the next centuries, and he is considered t o be the best composer of all time. Ludwig Van Beethoven was born

The Politics Of Science Review - 946 Words

The Politics of Science Review â€Å"We therefore cannot accept the view that philosophy must (or can) be excluded from science, and deplore the anti-ideological technocratic ideology.† (Lewontin R. , The Politics of Science, 2002) In Richard Lewontin’s article on the differences between politics, science, and the experts. It expresses factors such as funding and research and how the influence of politics are present in today’s society. And the high demands to attain such knowledge and understanding for an experiment. It is unfortunate that there is always a cost and consideration when it comes to the political understandings of science, technology and governmental power. However, the political aspects tend to conflict with the very nature†¦show more content†¦Lewontin actively claims that these arguments have limited power when it comes to the political process. And that the natural scientist sometimes has no claims on receiving public funding and resources. Therefore, the philosop her or even an anthropologist will have to pursue with more of a humanitarian effort. So the humanistic approach is then overlooked for more of a laboratory approach. And there is no philosophical understandings when it comes to science. So what happen to Plato? The government took all the great philosophies and replaced it with the latest technology for scientific measurement of validity and reliability. Billions and billions of dollars are being spent and Richard Lewontin actively expresses who really plays the role in shaping the future of science. The government is continually tightening up control of scientific knowledge. Dictating, only what researchers and scientists are capable of measuring inside a controlled environment. The repercussions of this type of political control is where science and technology are mainly focused. For example; Nuclear War it would seem that science and technology is focused on funding militarized efforts more so than finding a cure for cancer patients or even something as simple as conceptual analysis experiments. And there are many scientists who would agree that capitalism is the most effective way of research and the

Descriptive Essay Elle - 763 Words

â€Å"Elle! Elle!† I yell as I sprint down the sidewalk of our neighborhood. My long dark brown hair flowing behind me. â€Å"They are adding a track team to our school and the tryouts are next Monday!†I tell her once I finally catch up. I have wanted to be on a track team for as long as I can remember. â€Å"Annie, that’s awesome!† she exclaims. â€Å"The thing is, I don’t think I can make the team,† I mutter, â€Å"I love to run, but I’ve only ever done it for fun.† â€Å"That’s why you have me. Even though I am a dancer, I can still help you train!† Elle exclaims. â€Å"I don’t know about this,† I replied nervously. â€Å"Don’t worry,† Elle says as she looks into my dark green eyes. The very next day we meet on the track to begin training. The track is empty and quiet not†¦show more content†¦All of us were going to run a mile and a 50 yard dash. They called us up seven at a time, and after about an hour of waiting they call my number. I nervously walk up to the start and stand on number 5. Shaking head to toe I get into the starting position. I feel like a racehorse about to come out of the starting gate. I look to my left and up in the bleachers I see Elle give me a smile and a big thumbs up. Then I hear the coach blow their whistle and we are off. I start to run my legs take over my body and all my nervousness comes rushing out of me. Minutes turn to seconds as I finish my first lap. Then second, third! Passing girls one by one. Finally, the finish line. â€Å"Woah! We got a trailblazer on our hands!† the girls holding the red timer exclaims. I return to where the rest of the girls are and see Elle running towards me. I’m breathing heavy, but I feel good. â€Å"That was amazing!† she yells her hazel eyes growing wide. â€Å"Thanks! I can’t believe I worked myself up for a week over that.† We both laugh. Then they called my number for the 50 yard dash. I walk over to the track as a different person, no longer nervous or afraid of messing up. I run to the group of girls already standing there with confidence and ease. The coach blows a familiar whistle and we are off. I’m passing girls one by one and I come second. â€Å"Your a whole new runner,† Elle tells me as I walk back towards her. I smiled back at her.Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Advertisement For Rimmel London For The New Provocalips Campaign Essay1610 Words   |  7 Pagespublished in the March 2015 edition of Elle magazine. This essay will be analyzing the connotation and denotations found in the advert, the iconic and indexical signs as well as the implied narrative and the effectiveness in conveying the intended message of the advert. The advert can be seen in many other media forums, as well as on the Rimmel London website. It is common to find a beauty campaign such as this one in well-known fashion magazines like the Elle magazine because it generally promotesRead MoreShort Story A Conversation with My Father2869 Words   |  12 Pagesclass will be conducted. Tell the principal what the students will learn and how they can benefit from the short stories writing class. 5. ‘Students can learn better English from reading short stories than doing grammar exercises.’ Write an essay in which you either strongly support this statement or strongly disagree with this statement. Provide at least three reasons to support your opinion. 6. Your school has been putting a lot of effort in promoting the reading of English shortRead MoreMy Homework3467 Words   |  14 Pagesstudy this sound /ÃŽ ¸/ and /∂/ on chapters 16 and17.Then, do the exercises on pages 100 and 106 respectively. 4. Diary writing: Make entry of all your activities daily with dates. HOLIDAY TASK FOR S S 1 ENGLISH LANGUAGE Week 1 Essay; write a descriptive essay on the topic; my village. Read any African novel of your choice and summarize it, state the themes, setting and characters. News editorials: pick any newspaper of your choice, read and summarize the editorials and do a critical analysisRead MoreMona Lisa and Last Supper3080 Words   |  13 Pagesplays on this double-meaning, as in the French La Joconde. Both Mona Lisa and La Gioconda became established as titles for the painting in the 19th century. Before these names became established, the painting had been referred to by various descriptive phrases, such as a certain Florentine lady and a courtesan in a gauze veil. 2. The History of the Painting. It is probable that Leonardo began painting the Mona Lisa in 1503, and, according to Vasari, completed it four years later. After LeonardosRead More The Rich Diversity of Meanings of the Pardoners Tale Essay5609 Words   |  23 Pagesbetween language, and more specifically art, and the self. This essay will be as much a critical discussion of Chaucerian criticism as an interpretation of the Pardoner for much of our current understandings of the Pardoner and his performance come from nearly six hundred years of scholarship on the subject. What exactly do we now about the Pardoner? Much of our understanding of him as a literary human being rests on several key descriptive statements in the text, most about his appearance. They fail

Neorealism vs. Neoliberalism Free Essays

Mayixuan Li Ms. Reilly International Relations: Conflict and Cooperation in Global Politics October 22 2012 Neorealism, a concept of international relations that emerged in 1979 by Kenneth Waltz, is a theory which forces on demonstrating how the world works instead what the world ought to be. Neorealism thinkers claim that international structure is established by its ordering principle, which is anarchy, and by the distribution of power, measured by a number of great powers, which have the largest impact on what happens in world politics. We will write a custom essay sample on Neorealism vs. Neoliberalism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since there is no central agency that plays a role as â€Å"night watchman† (Mearsheimer, 2001, p. 5) to guarantee the security of states, the anarchic international system pushes great powers to maximize their relative powers in order to attain the minimum goal of their own survival. The trepidation of security is primary factor influencing great powers’ behavior, and in turn makes great powers quickly recognize that the best way to survive without protection is to perpetually expand actual military capability until reach the ultimate aim – hegemony. Great powers can never be certain about other states’ intentions, which makes them fear each other, and view each other as potential enemies who always have the capability and motive to attack them. To guarantee their own survival, great powers adopt the logic of self – help acting according to their self – interest, and always look for opportunities to alter the balance of power by acquiring additional power for themselves and by thwarting their rivals to increase powers. The self – help system gives rise of security dilemma that reflects basic logic of offensive realism. No matter a states becomes strong or weak, both strength and weakness in national security can be provocative to other great powers. Mearsheimer states: â€Å" The essence of the dilemma is that the measures a state takes to increase its own security usually decrease the security of other states. † (Mearsheimer, 2001, p. 13) Neorealism offers a considerably broader definition of power, and view power as two types: actual power and latent power. Waltz states that power includes the following components: â€Å" size of population and territory, resource endowment, economic capability, military strength, political stability and ompetence. † (Waltz, 1979, p. 131) Actual power mainly points out military capability, such as army, air and naval forces, which directly gives great powers the wherewithal to hurt and possibly destroy each other. Latent power comprises size of population and territory, national wealth, and political stability. Rational great powers do not contend w ith current distribution of power, and always care about relative power rather than absolute power. They not only look for opportunities to take advantages of one another, but also work to ensure that other states do not take advantage of them. Before great powers take offensive actions, they consider carefully about the balance of power, about the costs and risks, and about both how much power they could increase and how much power their rivals could obtain. Nevertheless, great powers can never be sure how much power is enough to secure their survival in the ruthless international system. They not only strive to be the strongest, but also to be the only power – hegemony in the world. Mearsheimer defines:â€Å" A hegemon is a state that is so powerful that it dominates all the other states in the system. † (Mearsheimer, 2001, p. 0) In international relation history, no state has ever achieved global hegemony because of the stopping power of water. The best condition great power could obtain is to become regional hegemony, which dominates distinct geographical areas. Once a great power becomes regional hegemony, it does not want any peers to contend with it. Moreover, neorealism considers three possible systems – unipolar system, bipolar system, and multipolar system. Among all three systems, multipolar system is the most dangerous system, and is more war – prone than is bipolar system. Neorealism occasionally advocates fostering human rights. Great powers might pursue non-security goals as long as the requisite behavior does not violate the paramount goal – pursuit of relative power. Indeed, these non – security goals sometimes complements relative powers, such as economic capability or national wealth is the foundation and resource of military power. Furthermore, great powers seek to prevent war and keep peace, however, they are not driven by a will to build an independent world, but largely by narrow calculations about relative power. Cooperation among nations is difficult to achieve and always difficult to sustain since great powers always consider relative gains by themselves comparing to relative gains by another great power. Neorealism certainly asserts no amount of cooperation can eliminate the dominating logic of security competition. Neorealism locates causation in the anarchic international system, which forces great powers to act aggressively toward each other in the survive competition. Great powers compete to maximize their relative power not because they have a will to fight with each other but because this is the only optimal way to ensure their survival in the dangerous world. Neorealism concludes that the view of long lasting peace is not likely to be achieved by great power become global hegemony, so the world is condemned to perpetual great power competition. There are three great debates referring to a series of disagreements between international relations scholars. The second great debate was a dispute between neorealism and neoliberalism. Neoliberalism, a response to neorealism, views international system more optimistically, and argues the fact that the world has become more interdependent in economics and in communications as well as in human aspirations. Neoliberals agree with neorealism that the anarchic nature of international system is an inevitable circumstance that states have to confront. Nevertheless, there is a general tendency of interdependence among actors across national boundaries to cooperate with each other in modern international system, which gives rise of the idea of complex interdependence. While neorealism views that cooperation between states can rarely happen, neoliberalism holds a greater belief in cooperation according to the prisoner’s dilemma. A tale of two prisoners who are questioned after committing an alleged crime. Neither prisoner knows that is being said by the other, but if they both cooperate and confess to the crime, their time in prison will be shortened, where if neither confesses the sentence length will be even shorter. However, if one confesses and the other does not, then the one who confessed will be set free and the one who did not will receive a lengthy jail term (Mingst 2004, p. 63). Neoliberalists use this to explain why states could wish to cooperate with each other, and even in an anarchic system of autonomous rational states, cooperation can still emerge through the building of norms, regimes and institutions. The importance of such cooperation is that actors have to play the game in an indefinite number of interactions, which abundantly conforms to the real international system. Moreover, neoliberalism recognizes not only sovereign states as important and rational actors, but also other actors are both principal and logical. Neoliberals always focus on absolute gains instead relative gains in such cooperation relationship. Multiple channels, summarized as interstate, trans – governmental, and transnational relation, provides more freedom to connect societies by both informal ties between nongovernmental elites and formal ties between governmental foreign offices. Through these channels political change occurs, in turns, states become more interdependent. Since there are various cooperative issues in different areas among states, trans – governmental politics will make goals of states difficult to define. Neoliberalism also acknowledges more contributions made by international organizations, which helped to activate potential coalitions and strive to obtain opinion by every state. Furthermore, all non – security issues can no longer be subordinated to military security, which gives opportunities to a multitude of different agendas coming to the forefront. The line between domestic and foreign policy becomes blurred, and there is no hierarchy among issues. Military capability does not dominate the agenda anymore, and gradually becomes a less effective instrument to achieve other objectives such as economic and social goals. Nevertheless, the existence of mutual dependence does postulate another type of power. Sensitivity and vulnerability are two essential dimensions of states. When a costly imposed situation from outside happens, the amount of sensitivity shows how quickly this imposed situation could affect one country from various aspects, and the vulnerability can be defined as an actor’s liability to suffer costs imposed by external events even after politics have been altered. Vulnerability is particularly important of interdependence structure. Even in the world of interdependence, there is no evenly balanced mutual dependence. Neoliberalism asserts two types of dependence, asymmetries in dependence, and symmetries in dependence, the latter hardly emerge. States can be less dependent or more dependent because of their level of sensibility and vulnerability. Less dependent actors can often use the interdependent relationship as a source of power in bargaining over an issue and perhaps to affect other issue. Power not only can be thought of as military capability, but also can be viewed as the ability of an actor to get others to do something they otherwise would not do. Neoliberalism claims that states act according to their self – interest to cooperate with each other, and to make the world more interdependence through different gendas. The use of military force is not exercised when complex interdependence prevails, so therefore the world could become more peaceful and prosperous. Bibliography Mearsheimer, John. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. United States: 2011. Waltz, K. Theory of International Politics. United States: McGraw-Hill: 1979. Mingst, K. A. Essentials of International Relations. New York: W. W. Norton: 2004. Axelrod, Robert. The Evolution of Cooperation. United States. Keohane, Robert O. Power and Interdependence. United States: 2000. How to cite Neorealism vs. Neoliberalism, Essay examples

Corporate Government and Ethics Behavior

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Government and Ethics Behavior. Answer: Introduction: Fair trade has emerged as a movement for supporting ethical behavior in consumer decision making. The gradual expansion of the fair trade markets has created substantial pitfalls for the business community in terms of realizing the ethical practices. The proliferation of demand for fair trade concept could be validated by the different factors such as the preference of companies to commit to a specific cause for a substantial period of time and acquiring a better image through attempts for contribution to the society. The larger part of fair trade agreements were therefore dependent on cause-based marketing which indicated references to the social responsibilities of organizations (Hoffman, Frederick Schwartz, 2014). The use of fair-trade movement has been established as a commercial brand and is associated with the image which reflects that fair-trade consumers are liable to provide underlying contributions such as financial aid to poor farmers in the developing nations and providi ng a fair price to the producers. Basically, Fairtrade provides certification for products acquired from foreign sources such as coffee, bananas, gold and cotton and especially those which are associated with a particular cause (Matten, 2015). This example can be perceived in the case of African cotton which is helpful for obtaining financial assistance for the underpaid native cotton farmers. The contributions of fair-trade are noticed in the rescue of the farmers from the clutches of poverty. However debates pertaining to ethical consumerism have indicated that if the objective of Fairtrade is to provide assistance to the producer community then the premium for the producers must be increased by paying a fair price to the producers. Therefore, the ethical issues associated with fair-trade are found out to be largely associated with the concerns of consumers towards environmental and social causes and the increasing demand of modern concepts such as collaborative consumption (Nica, 2013). The profound ethical issues associated with fair-trade could be categorized into two sections which are unfair trading and the impact of diverting financial as well as physical resources from less developed nations to relatively affluent nations. The consideration of the ethical issues has also been referred in multiple contexts in various research works. For example, the ethical consideration pertaining to the additional money paid by customers for fair-trade products is indicative of the suggestion that whether the provision of additional price being acquired by fair-trade is viable. Furthermore, the probabilities of the additional money being used by fair-trade for the benefit of producers also comes under question as it attempts to realize another profound aspect of ethical behavior in the practices of fair-trade. The unfair trading component also needs to be reviewed in context of the dilemma pertaining to ethical concerns of business organizations and the use of fair-t rade practices (Weber Wasieleski, 2013). The ethical issues pertaining to the implementation of fair-trade on a global platform have been discussed in the following sections of the report along with clear indications to the recommendations which have been derived for catering the various requirements of the society as well as the industry standards. Activities of fair trade: The concept of Fairtrade has been favored by varying echelons of the society and it has the support of people from all facets of society ranging from the grassroots till bureaucratic levels. The validation of the brand of fair-trade on a global level has been considered from distinct facets of business environment which indicate contributions in the form of financial resources, time and provision of flexible opportunities for trading. Many private firms, individuals and government agencies are gradually becoming interested in the concept of fair-trade and hence the demand for the concept can be appropriately understood (Clarke Bassell, 2013). The owners of the Fairtrade Foundation permit companies in affluent nations to utilize the brand name of the organization alongside their own brands in return for a certain amount of fee. Generally, the organization gathers maximum share of its revenue from this type of fee and the other aids are obtained from government donations and grants. F air-trade is supposed to divert the additional license income acquired from brands to the producers in developing nations. However, the license income is largely utilized for promotion of the brand which could create substantial issues related to the ethical concerns of Fairtrade (Idowu, Capaldi Zu, 2013). Derivation of higher margins and substantiating the image of retailers as supportive of global concerns could be assumed as profound elements included in the emphasis of the practices in fair-trade on organization and industry oriented benefits rather than realizing any promising outcomes for farmers and suppliers (Gao Hafsi, 2015). The various routes through which money has to pass through in order to reach the final objective of benefiting farmers has been observed in fair-trade as the added costs of cooperatives, expenses on social projects and premiums for fair-trade producers and farmers. Therefore the necessity of apprehending ethical criteria for the activities of fair-tra de has been established in context of organizations adopting association with fair-trade certification and the prospects for fair-trade to excel in future market environments (Knudsen, Moon Slager, 2015). Ethical criteria have to be fulfilled in case of fair-trade because the key objective of the fair-trade concept is centered on the objective of providing a substantial advantage to producers in developing nations and increasing the market value propositions for products of native origin. Ethical criteria for Fair trade: It would be appropriate to consider that Fair trade is a concept which is meant for the ethical well being of customers, industry, groups, individuals and organizations on a larger basis. The foundation for the fair-trade mode of certification of products and the increasing perception of business organizations towards the fair trade practice has created questions which pertain to the development of better returns for producers and thereby widening the scope for prospects of sustainability in complex changing environments. The study of distribution of the wealth among the producer communities belonging to the third world as per the fair trade practices would indicate a brief overview of the ethical criteria which are mandatory for the organizations adopting fair-trade practices (Swanson Frederick, 2016). Fair-trade certification is a compulsory requirement for suppliers of fair-trade certified products and they are generally members of cooperative agencies or plantation firms in many cases. The different entities of the local producers have to comply with certain political requisites such as the involvement of farmers, assembly and processing opportunities facilitated by primary cooperatives and the secondary agencies which have the authorization to export on behalf of the producers. The exporting cooperatives are liable to obtain an additional amount of money which is termed as social premium and these cooperatives provide the incentive to farmers. While some cooperatives tend to provide favorable incentives to farmers, some others could rely on malicious activities and thereby limit the financial returns for farmers (Soltani Maupetit, 2015). Therefore, the evaluation of ethical criteria with respect to the fair-trade practices has to be presented in context of the interplay between consumer, cooperatives, importers, retailers, cafes and packers. The fair-trade foundation has expanded its support and therefore the ethical issues have to be addressed first wit h reference to increase in probabilities of destitution and death in event of diversion of resources and finances from poorer nations to more developed nations. The ethical concerns associated with fair-trade are derived from a utilitarian approach which applies resources which are capable of rendering maximum marginal utility. In case of the benefits of fair-trade to farmers, the ethical implication points out to the point of reference which determines the influence of loss of a particular amount of money to different individuals (Ntim Soobaroyen, 2013). For example, the loss of five dollars would be inconsequential in a supermarket store while the same amount could be a relief for an individual looking to save his family from starvation. Secondly, the scope for unfair trading can also be considered as a prominent indication in the domain of corporate ethics. Unfair trading is realized when the producers or the marketers do not provide genuine information to customers and hence is sues related to wrong customer decisions could lead to maligning of the image of the organization. Therefore unfair trading is accountable for changes in perception of customers about a product as well as organization. In case of fair-trade products, the organizations should not suppress evidence related to financial aid provided to the farmers and the ambiguities pertaining to the expenditure of the additional cost paid by customers (Doh, Husted Yang, 2013). Customers are more likely to lose trust in the fair-trade movement if they discover that the additional amount paid by them is not being used for the intended purposes and if they find any hints that they are not being informed of the evidence related to use of the additional income gathered from fair-trade initiatives (Subramaniam, Kansal Babu, 2015). Violation of ethics: The first concern is addressed by evaluating the amount which is provided to the exporting cooperative. Fair-trade does not have any profound legislation for determining the prices charged by exporters and cooperatives. Fair-trade does not have any monitoring or control framework for determining the extra cost charged for fair-trade products. It has been observed that retailers do not offer any reasonable opportunity to compare costs of fair-trade products and hence this can be accounted as an unethical behavior on behalf of retailers (Long, 2016). Therefore the extra price paid by customers is generally deviated towards the higher profits for organizations which are obtaining profits already and hence the scope of death and destitution aspect of ethical violation can be considered in case of fair-trade products. Fair-trade has established certain indications for importers to pay premium price, establish contracts on a long-term basis, provision of credit for prefinance and payment o f minimum price established by Fairtrade. Methods to address ethical issues: Majority of pitfalls in the ethical context of fair-trade certification have been associated with the inability of fair-trade foundation to ensure standard monitoring and control frameworks which can ensure that the additional price of fair-trade products is delivered to the farmers and suppliers for whom the amount is intended. The dependency of fair-trade product sales on the value based marketing of the products is indicative of the requirement of drastic measures to address the ethical issues (Hasnas, 2013). First of all, fair-trade has to reform the strategic implementation of costs in the company as the additional price obtained from customers is invested in administration costs, costs of collection and higher profits in affluent nations. The emphasis of the foundation must be shifted towards one-time investments in profound standards for classification of criteria for pricing fair-trade products which could provide a viable approach to distribution of profits to farmers. Since the profits are not being appropriately administered to the farmers, unconventional methods such as guidelines for publishing account details in public could be a reasonable approach for identifying the observation of ethical standards by fair-trade certified brands (Chen et al, 2016). The initiatives for identifying the ethical pitfalls in terms of customer perception regarding the cause related increase in prices have to be executed in unison with development of remedial measures to resolve ethical issues observed in case of fair-trade. The report emphasized on two prominent indicators of ethical violations in case of fair-trade. The movement is centered on the proliferation of ethical activities among organizations and hence the influence of ethical compliance in the domain of fair-trade certified products is imperatively observed. Considerable research in the domain of fair-trade has facilitated diverse implications towards the intensity of impact of ethical violation and hence future measures for tackling any ethical pitfalls should be inferred from existing sources of literature. Fairtrade has emerged as a promising contributor to the domain of business development as it has integrated the concept of ethics in business. The use of fair-trade has enabled a wider perception of the ethical implications associated with customers, farmers, suppliers, producers and other contributors in the supply chain. Customers have started to appreciate products which can provide a support for the global environmental concerns and could account for a viable contribution to the society (Carroll Buchholtz, 2014). The use of fair-trade for certification and change in pricing of products could be considered as a turnaround in case of business. However the prospects of money laundering can be noticed in case of the fair-trade model as it could not be able to monitor the distribution of wealth. The following report classifies various setbacks observed in case of fair-trade practices followed by consenting organizations and the ethical consequences of the activities. Longevity of the fair-trade model: Majority of the criticism which has been drawn against fair-trade have been based on the sustainability of fair trade practices and the authenticity of the objectives of fair-trade certification. While the initial objective of fair-trade was to provide an ethical environment for business by acquisition of products from developing countries generally plagued by some kind of issues and thus the ethical purpose can be realized by a form of business transaction with the producers in the developing countries and thus providing them with a formidable platform for expanding their economic prospects (Cooper Morgan, 2013). The consideration of individual factors which influence the sustainability of ethical practices in the fair-trade practices could enable a clear apprehension of the broad ethical issues also and thus derive a reasonable opinion on measures to address the issues. The derivation of ethical issues bothering fair-trade products has to be validated through references to the gen eric perception of values and ethics in the industrial context. Various organizations have adopted the model of fair-trade since it offers a reasonable platform for realizing a brand image as an organization which provides profound contributions to the producer communities and is also supportive of initiatives to benefit environmental causes. These claims or strategic modifications are introduced as a measure to acquire customer attention or to realize the wider aspects of sustainable practices. However, the effectiveness of these measures has to be evaluated from a critical perspective since their implementation has to deliver outcomes according to the standards of fair-trade and the desired strategic objectives (Schmitz Schrader, 2015). This would help in deriving a functional reference to the causes which could degrade the perception of fair-trade products and the overall brand image of the foundation. The model of the organization is based on a model for certification which ind icates that products certified by the model would be liable for compliance from the suppliers, exporters and producers as well. Customers can gain a prolific impression of the different products since they could associate the value of providing additional prices to fulfill the requirements of destitute individuals in developing countries (Habakus Holland, 2013). Therefore a comprehensive evaluation of criticisms in the domain of fair-trade movement has to be presented in order to understand the larger ethical issues which can be inferred from the criticisms. Negligence for value and cause: The basis driver behind the fair-trade movement is the emphasis on value based marketing or cause based marketing. The initiative can be perceived by enthusiasts as a profound contributor to the domain of economic stability of developing and underdeveloped nations which are capable of producing natural resources such as bananas, coffee, gold etc. The fair-trade model assumes certification of suppliers, producers and products which could be nominally priced at a higher margin in lieu of additional benefits for underprivileged farmers and supply chain constituents. This belief is the reason for which majority of sales are derived in case of fair-trade products and hence the criticism for fair-trade can be presented in the form of minimal requirement of standards and controls to determine the distribution of benefits to needy individuals i.e. suppliers, farmers and other contributors (Kelly White, 2015). Organizations which are opting for fair-trade certification are leveraging the bra nd image of fair-trade to garner additional marketing advantage for their products. Other profound indications which can be noticed in case of fair-trade criticism include the suppression of relevant information and depiction of lies as the acceptable truth. These activities can be considered as mutually interdependent as one is indicative of the other i.e. suppression of facts amounts to a lie and lies related to product and pricing information result in negligence for relevant facts such as portion of additional price delivered to farmers. While fair-trade could realize such setbacks in case of many instances, the foremost violation is observed in the use of license income and government aids for administrative costs and other purposes (Sahut et al, 2014). Therefore, organizations which adopt fair-trade practices must apprehend the factors that the provision of leakage of confidential information pertaining to the distribution of additional profits in the higher profit margins in organizations of developing countries could lead to deterioration brand image for organization. The profound implications for criticism of fair-trade movement in this context can be described as the inability of fair-trade to inculcate apt standards and regulations for enhancing the flexibility of allocating the additional financial resources to appropriate entities for which they are intended. Limitation on customer information: Ethical violations draw a major share of criticism in context of fair-trade and their classification could be validated by the individual perception reference followed in countries. The critical reflection could enable a profound influence on the realization of possible strategies to limit the ethical issues which are responsible for degrading the image of fair-trade foundation. The objectives of fair-trade foundation are further inflicted with the integration of unfair trading which is observed in the various disparities depicted in context of the regulatory frameworks. Differences in the approach for realizing fair-trade practices could be realized in the lack of a standard monitoring system for including a fair price for customers as well as producers. Hence the criticism in this case can be directed towards the role of fair-trade foundation in creating pricing standards which is not existent presently. Even if fair-trade foundation accounts for benefits to the financial, environm ental and social aspects of a business environment, the application of the practices accounts for limited benefits such as limitations on the profits acquired by farmers. Other prominent references account the lack of a specific route for directing the additional prices towards the benefit of supply chain attributes rather than on the internal costs of the foundation (Kelly White, 2015). The sustainability of the fair-trade phenomenon has been favored by enthusiasts on the basis of contribution to the social benefits. However, the long term feasibility of the practices is based on the apprehension of the factors in real time environments and the social as well as environmental changes which are derived with respect to ethical issues. Ethical setbacks account for major share of criticism and it can be observed that the gradual rise in support for fair-trade practices has to be reformed with integration of reliable facets such as consistent monitoring of accounts, transparency of doc uments and distribution of income to concerned stakeholders. The fair-trade model has created prominent implications which are related to the validation of brands on a global level on the basis of their association with a specific cause beneficial for the society. Hence the criticism for fair-trade can be aptly directed towards the quantification of benefits generated from the fair trade certified products. Fair-trade certified products are also accountable for quality and long term negligence for producers could result in degradation of product quality and hence the commercial brand could face risks of failure. Pricing of the fair-trade products also deserve a linear discussion with the product quality as unique elements of marketing mix and thus complying with the inherent requirements of business (Schmitz Schrader, 2015). The gradual increment in support for fair-trade practices could be evaluated on a critical frame of reference in order to validate the reasons for which enthus iasm for fair-trade practices has been increasing. While the contribution of fair trade practices to social and financial benefits have been argued upon by enthusiasts, the criticism states ambiguity in terms of contributions. The previous section of the report has presented insights to the existence of flawed infrastructure in fair-trade to distribute the additional returns among the various stakeholders and supply chain members. The gradually mounting pressure on the global supply chains has also emerged as a potential criticism of the fair-trade movement. Global supply chains have been neglected which failed to conform to the guidelines of fair-trade. The supply chain members who were not associated with the fair-trade fiasco were liable to be exposed to the detrimental effects in terms of limited preference from fair-trade associated customers. Furthermore, it accounted for unrequited maligning of the reputation of non-fair-trade products which were predicted as detrimental elem ents for the environment and were negatively depicted as irresponsible towards social contributions. This could lead to an unwarranted decrease in the popularity of organizations which do not assume sales of fair-trade products. Therefore, it does not necessarily indicate that organizations and retailers which sell non fair-trade products are not capable of providing value to customers as well as the environment and society. Use of third party charity agencies: Ethical standards in case of fair-trade products have to be maintained with respect to the use of fair trading methods. The majority of additional income in case of fair trade organizations is being utilized for interest benefits rather than community benefits. Hence, the requirement of criticism is validated as suppliers and producers face major losses owing to the lack of efficiency in delivery of premium to the farmers as per the claims made for increasing the prices. The justification of validating the fair-trade certification and the provision of value based benefits for customers can be considered only from an intangible perspective. On the contrary, the fair-trade practices could be replaced with the initiatives of third party charity agencies and non-governmental organizations which could provide the additional amount to farmers in appropriate measures. Contracting the job of allocating the financial resources among the farmers or the producer community to a NGO or a charitab le institution has to be dependent on the performance of the agency and the scope for transparency (Cooper Morgan, 2013). However, the distribution of additional profits would not be sufficient to realize the maximum potential of the value based marketing which can facilitate returns favored by the organization. Customers should not be subjected to unfair trading practices and the criticism associated with fair-trade activities refers to the use of measures such as non-disclosure of information and the requirement of unrecognizable strategies to identify the provisions of remunerations added for each stage of the supply chain of fair-trade products. On one hand, the implications of fair-trade indicate communication of all details related to the product and the way in which the organization utilizes the additional price of fair-trade products to benefit the producer community. Such types of initiatives are generally responsible for creation of ambiguities in mind of customers as the y would not be able to identify the exact application of their additional investment in the intended purpose. Possible recommendations for improvising such scenarios could be presented in accordance with the changes in communication of the profit statements. Fair-trade organizations should utilize flexible reporting formats for conveying the information related to the use of license income and additional money gathered from government aids and other external agencies through fair-trade regulations (Cooper Morgan, 2013). Appropriate communication of data related to the ways in which organizations use the money acquired in the name of fair trade for the benefits of producer community and other underprivileged individuals in the supply chain. Conclusion: The report conclusively identifies criticisms of the fair-trade phenomenon and has reflected on the pitfalls encountered by the activities especially in context of financial and social influence. It has been observed that the sustainability of fair-trade as an accepted form of business methodology is inflicted by the various instances of criticisms which are drawn especially with respect to the scope of unfair trading practices and the use of illicit measures for limiting the benefits to the farmers. References Abuznaid, S.A., 2016. Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility: The Case of Palestine.Ethical and Social Perspectives on Global Business Interaction in Emerging Markets, p.74. Bondy, K., Moon, J. and Matten, D., 2012. An institution of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in multi-national corporations (MNCs): Form and implications.Journal of Business Ethics,111(2), pp.281-299. Bowen, S.A., Hung-Baesecke, C.J.F. and Chen, Y.R.R., 2016. Ethics as a precursor to organizationpublic relationships: Building trust before and during the OPR model.Cogent Social Sciences,2(1), p.1141467. Carroll, A.B. and Buchholtz, A.K., 2014.Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management. Nelson Education. Chen, C., Gotti, G., Kang, T. and Wolfe, M.C., 2016. Corporate Codes of Ethics, National Culture, and Earnings Discretion: International Evidence.Journal of Business Ethics, pp.1-23. Clarke, C. and Bassell, M., 2013. The Financial Debacle Necessitates a Systematic Approach to Achieving Ethical Behavior in the Corporate Workplace.Journal of Business Systems, Governance and Ethics,8(1), p.22. Clark, K., 2012. Do We Have Enough Ethics in Government Yet?: An Answer from Fiduciary Theory.University of Illinois Law Review,1996(57). Cooper, D.J. and Morgan, W., 2013. Meeting the evolving corporate reporting needs of government and society: arguments for a deliberative approach to accounting rule making.Accounting and Business Research,43(4), pp.418-441. Doh, J., Husted, B. and Yang, X., 2013. Ethics, Corporate Social Responsibility, and Developing Country Multinationals.Business Ethics Quarterly,23(04), pp.638-639. Frederickson, H.G. and Rohr, J.A., 2015.Ethics and public administration. Routledge. Gao, Y. and Hafsi, T., 2015. Government Intervention, Peers Giving and Corporate Philanthropy: Evidence from Chinese Private SMEs.Journal of Business Ethics,132(2), pp.433-447. Garca-Snchez, I.M., Rodrguez-Domnguez, L. and Fras-Aceituno, J.V., 2015. Board of directors and ethics codes in different corporate governance systems.Journal of Business Ethics,131(3), pp.681-698. Habakus, L.K. and Holland, M. eds., 2013.Vaccine epidemic: How corporate greed, biased science, and coercive government threaten our human rights, our health, and our children. Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.. Hadani, M. and Schuler, D.A., 2013. In search of El Dorado: The elusive financial returns on corporate political investments.Strategic Management Journal,34(2), pp.165-181. Hasnas, J., 2013. Foreword to the Ethics of Bailouts and Government Support of Corporations: Public Benefit or Crony Capitalism.Geo. JL Pub. Pol'y,11, p.279. Hoffman, W.M., Frederick, R.E. and Schwartz, M.S. eds., 2014.Business ethics: Readings and cases in corporate morality. John Wiley Sons. Idowu, S.O., Capaldi, N. and Zu, L., 2013.Encyclopedia of corporate social responsibility. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Jin, K.G., Drozdenko, R. and DeLoughy, S., 2013. The role of corporate value clusters in ethics, social responsibility, and performance: A study of financial professionals and implications for the financial meltdown.Journal of business ethics,112(1), pp.15-24. Kelly, M. and White, A.L., 2015. From corporate responsibility to corporate design.Globalization and Corporate Citizenship: The Alternative Gaze: A Collection of Seminal Essays, p.67. Knudsen, J.S., Moon, J. and Slager, R., 2015. Government policies for corporate social responsibility in Europe: a comparative analysis of institutionalisation.Policy Politics,43(1), pp.81-99. Long, R.T., 2016.Anarchism/minarchism: is a government part of a free country?. Routledge. Matten, D., 2015.Business Ethics: Managing Corporate Citizenship and Sustainability in the Age of Globalization. Oxford University Press. Mpinganjira, M., Roberts-Lombard, M., Wood, G. and Svensson, G., 2016. Embedding the ethos of codes of ethics into corporate South Africa: current status.European Business Review,28(3). Nelson, B., 2013.Law and ethics in global business: how to integrate law and ethics into corporate governance around the world. Routledge. Nica, E., 2013. Social Responsibility, Corporate Welfare, and Business Ethics.Psychosociological Issues in Human Resource Management,1(1), pp.9-14. Ntim, C.G. and Soobaroyen, T., 2013. Corporate governance and performance in socially responsible corporations: New empirical insights from a Neoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Institutional framework.Corporate Governance: An International Review,21(5), pp.468-494. Sahut, J.M., Boulerne, S., Mili, M. and Teulon, F., 2014.What Relation Exists Between Corporate Social Responsibility (Csr) And Longevity Of Firms?(No. 2014-248). Schmitz, J. and Schrader, J., 2015. Corporate social responsibility: A microeconomic review of the literature.Journal of Economic Surveys,29(1), pp.27-45. Soltani, B. and Maupetit, C., 2015. Importance of core values of ethics, integrity and accountability in the European corporate governance codes.Journal of Management Governance,19(2), pp.259-284. Subramaniam, N., Kansal, M. and Babu, S., 2015. Governance of mandated corporate social responsibility: Evidence from Indian government-owned firms.Journal of Business Ethics, pp.1-21. Swanson, D.L. and Frederick, W.C., 2016. Denial and leadership in business ethics education.Business ethics: New challenges for business schools and corporate leaders, pp.222-240. Weber, J. and Wasieleski, D.M., 2013. Corporate ethics and compliance programs: A report, analysis and critique.Journal of Business Ethics,112(4), pp.609-626.

The Role of Alcohol in Dubliners Essay Essay Example

The Role of Alcohol in Dubliners Essay Essay The function of intoxicant in Joyce James’ Dubliners can be seen in three narratives: The Dead. A Small Cloud and Counterparts. Alcohol is used by some of the characters who wishes to bask and get away. As the author’s technique. she wanted to connote how intoxicant is used during the clip that she wrote the book. Alcohol has ever been present in the civilization of people in Europe. Alcohol imbibing ritual makes a individual temporarily escape world. In Dubliners. intoxicant is one great influence in the characters of Farrington from the narrative Counterparts. Thomas Chandler from the narrative A Little Cloud and Freddy Malins from the narrative The Dead. Alcohol is used to stress the subject of palsy that the writer wishes to demo to its readers. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Alcohol in Dubliners Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Alcohol in Dubliners Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Alcohol in Dubliners Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There are events in the life of Farrington from the narrative Counterparts that he clings on to alcohol in order to get away world. He is a arch worker because he steals company clip in order to take long hours of tiffin interruption. But alternatively of eating on eating houses or at the office canteen. he went to different bars and indulge himself with intoxicant. But so his foreman eventually discovered his misconduct and told him that he is given merely half an hr for tiffin and non an hr and a half. But this does non shaken Farrington at all. he kept on get awaying from his duties and spends most of the clip imbibing. He has his on grounds for imbibing. for him it is a manner to acquire off from jobs. Alternatively of loving his occupation as a clerk. he loves alcohol even more. Because of this. he loss his occupation by neglecting to carry through a given undertaking. He was excessively busy looking frontward to the dark he will pass imbibing with his friends that he forgot to subject an of import paper. His imaginativeness of what happy their imbibing session could be made him free his focal point on his occupation. He was insulted by his foreman but alternatively of apologising he choose to travel out of the office instantly. He is willing to give everything in topographic point of intoxicant. He pawn his ticker to hold some money for imbibing. When the clip comes for Farrington and his friends to imbibe. Alcohol truly made him bury all his defeats and depressions from his occupation. The drink made his personally more boost alternatively. He proudly told his friend how he fight back his foreman and how he ridiculed him. Farrington went on saloon hoping with his friends which made him pass and pass tonss of money. He felt a little defeated because of this and so he decided to contend an arm wrestle to affect people. But because of the consequence of the intoxicant. he loss the conflict. Alcohol made Farrington a careless adult male. His occupation is replaced by intoxicant and when he went place he found out that there is no nutrient for his household. All because of his immense disbursement in the bars that he and his friends went to. The truth that there is no nutrient for them made him angry and he ended up crushing his hapless boy. Freddy Malin from the narrative The Dead is a good known rummy. Once he is already intoxicated. he is non cognizant of he’s errors. For Freddy Malin intoxicant means a batch in relation to his societal life and conviviality. But so he is incognizant of his actions one time he is intoxicated. That is why on the event that Kate and Julia Morkin organizes a party for their nephew Gabriel Conroy. tonss of nutrient and drinks are served as expected. When Freddy Malins entered the hall. Aunt Kate asks Gabriel to look for him since he might acquire drunk once more. Since one of the guest Mr. Browne is besides making dirty concern with other ladies during that dark. Gabriel decided to allow the two be joined together to avoid unneeded events. Mr. Browne gave Freddy lemonade alternatively of spirits to avoid being intoxicated. Alcohol besides plays an of import function in the narrative A Little Cloud. Here. Thomas Chandler met up his friend Ignatius Gallaher. The two went on imbibing for old time’s interest. The two had a good clip speaking over beer bottles about their callings. Alcohol made Thomas a sentimental sap. His lower status and depression comes out upon hearing the success narrative of his friend. He felt thankless of his state of affairs as a hapless household adult male. He could hold been happy for his friend alternatively of being covetous. But since the consequence of intoxicant is at that place. negativeness comes out of his rummy head. His resentment continuously shows when he even promote his friend to hold a household of his ain so that the conversation be changed. But still Gallaher refuses his suggestion because when he gets married he can non go any longer. Thomas is truly aghast and discontented of his state of affairs. He is non sober any longer that’s why many things came across his head. He could hold been a good author if he did non get married early. Thomas Gallaher goes home frustrated and depress. The consequence of intoxicant besides made him bemused with so many sick feelings and ideas. He even forgot to purchase java which his married woman told him to make so earlier that twenty-four hours. He sits with their kid in their house while contemplating on his life’s letdowns. He even questioned his matrimonial position and fault it for remaining in Dublin and non sing what success his friend has. He ended up being scolded by his married woman because he was excessively busy believing that he did non detect that their kid was already shouting. Drinking in the instances of the three characters are presented as their natural act. Actions are already done without giving any idea on it if it is truly needed or non. Farrington could hold salvage some money for his household alternatively of passing all of it on imbibing and clubbing. His actions is made worst by intoxicant. Alternatively of being depress for his occupation. he even boasted and told his friend what he did to his foreman. The head is non working decently because of the giddiness caused by intoxicant. He ended up crushing his boy who neer did any incorrect to him. Freddy Malins on the other manus ever connects intoxicant with conviviality. For him. this is his beginning of felicity. That’s why on any event. people tend to look over him so that they will do it certain that he remains sober until the party is over. Where in fact. he could make it entirely by reasonably imbibing and believing foremost of the effects of his actions. In the instance of Thomas Gallaher. intoxicant made him more sensitive. His inebriation gave him an emotional incapacity. He is filled with excessively much strivings and defeats. His poorness made him compare his life to his friend which made his state of affairs more hard. He blames his being married to all his wretchedness which neer gave him any good. The writer uses intoxicant to demo the manner characters betrays their personality. They wanted to get away world thats why they chose to imbibe alternatively of puting things directly. The subject of palsy is justified by intoxicant because it makes the characters incapable of making things. Their head is crippled and cluttered with intoxicant that made them determinations that are unmanageable. Plants Cited Joyce. James. Dubliners. London: Penguin Classicss. 1956.